Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
Filtration
Mechanical Operation (2150502)
F = feed;
M = membrane;
P = permeate;
R = retentate (components Cross Flow diagram from:
that do NOT pass through http://www.che.utexas.edu/nams/IUPAC/iupac.html
the membrane)
TYPE 2: DEAD END FLOW
Flow perpendicular to
membrane surface
F = feed;
M = membrane;
P = permeate (components
that pass through
membrane)
Dead-end Flow diagram from:
http://www.che.utexas.edu/nams/IUPAC/iupac.html
3.MICROFILTRATION
Separates soluble contaminants remaining within the
supernatant
Separates:
Components in a solution or
suspension based on molecular
size
Usually based on
molecular weight
Typical range:
200 to 300,000 g/mole
Ultrafiltration
Proteins act as the
retentate
Images from:
http://www.geafil
tration.com/html/
technology/ftech
nology.html
MICROFILTRATION VS. ULTRAFILTRATION
Microfiltration: Ultrafiltration
Separates larger particles Separates smaller particles
For example- For example-
Colloids Macromolecules
Fat globules
Cells
Located upstream to reduce
load and fouling capacity
on ultrafiltration membrane
downstream
However,
processes are
basically identical
6.WHAT IS OSMOSIS?
The movement of a solvent (water in our
case) across a semi-permeable membrane
from a solution of lower concentration to
a solution of higher concentration that
tends to equalize the concentrations of
solute on the both sides of the membrane.
1. Water flows from a column with a low
dissolved solids content to a column with
a high dissolved solids content
2. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is
used to stop the water from flowing
through the membrane, in order to create
balance
3. By pursuing pressure that exceeds the
osmotic pressure, the water flow will be
reversed; water flows from the column
with a high dissolved solids content to the
column with a low dissolved solids
content.
7.NANO FILTRATION
Nano filtration is a technique that has prospered over the past few years.
Today, nano filtration is mainly applied in drinking water purification
process steps, such as water softening, decolouring and micro pollutant
removal.
Nano filtration is a pressure related process, during which separation takes
place, based on molecule size. Membranes bring about the separation. The
technique is mainly applied for the removal of organic substances, such as
micro pollutants and multivalent ions.
Other applications of nano filtration are:
· The removal of pesticides from groundwater
· The removal of heavy metals from wastewater
· Wastewater recycling in laundries
· Water softening
· Nitrates removal
References:
http://www.awatec.ch/produkte/ultrafiltration.jpg
http://www.che.utexas.edu/nams/IUPAC/iupac.html
http://www.geafiltration.com/html/technology/ftechnolog
y.html
http://www.toltecint.com/how_dialysis_works/how_hem
odialysis_works.html.
Thank you