The Urinary System

Memmler’s
Structure and Function of the Human Body

9th edition
Chapter 19
The Urinary System and Body Fluids
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Excretion
Body systems work interdependently to maintain
homeostasis by excretion
• Urinary
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Integumentary

Checkpoint 19-1: The main function of the
urinary system is to eliminate waste. What are
some other systems that eliminate waste?

Organs of the Urinary System
• Two kidneys
• Two ureters
• Single urinary bladder
• Single urethra

Male urinary
system, showing
blood vessels.

Checkpoint 19-2: What are the organs of the
urinary system?

Kidney Activities
• Excretion
– Urea
• Water balance maintenance
• Body fluid acid–base regulation
• Blood pressure regulation
– Angiotensin
– Aldosterone
• Red blood cell production regulation

Kidney Structure
• Membranous renal capsule of fibrous connective tissue
• Adipose capsule of fat
• Fascia anchors kidney to peritoneum and abdominal wall
• Retroperitoneal space
• Right kidney lower than left to accommodate liver

Blood Supply to the Kidney
• Renal artery supplies blood
– Branch of abdominal aorta
– Subdivides in kidney
• Nephrons are functional units
• Renal vein drains blood
– Formed by merger of smaller vessels
– Carries blood into inferior vena cava

Blood supply and circulation of the kidney.

Kidney Organization
• Hilum
• Renal cortex (outer portion)
• Renal medulla (inner portion)
– Renal pyramids
• Renal pelvis
– Calyces

Question:
The renal pelvis forms the upper end

of what urinary structure?
a. nephron
b. ureter
c. urethra

Answer:
b. ureter

Checkpoint 19-3: The kidneys are located in
the retroperitoneal space. Where is this space?
Checkpoint 19-4: What vessel supplies blood

to the kidney and what vessel drains blood
from the kidney?

Longitudinal section through the kidney showing its
internal structure (left), and an enlarged diagram of
nephrons (right).
Checkpoint 19-5: What are the outer and
inner regions of the kidney called?

The Nephron
Functional kidney unit Blood supply

• Glomerular (Bowman) capsule • Afferent arteriole
– Glomerulus • Glomerulus
– Afferent arteriole • Efferent arteriole
• Peritubular capillaries • Peritubular capillaries
• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
• Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
– Descending limb
– Ascending limb
• Distal convoluted tube (DCT)
• Collecting duct

A nephron and its
blood supply.
Zooming In: Which of

the two convoluted
tubules is closer to
the glomerular
capsule? Which
convoluted tubule is
farther away?

Microscopic view of the kidney.

Checkpoint 19-6: What is the functional unit
of the kidney called?

Question:
What vessel carries blood away from

the glomerulus?
a. afferent arteriole
b. renal vein
c. efferent arteriole

Answer:
c. efferent arteriole

Formation of Urine
• Glomerular filtration
– Glomerular filtrate
• Tubular reabsorption
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
– Active transport
• Tubular secretion
• Countercurrent mechanism
– Concentration of urine
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Filtration process in
the formation of
urine.
ZOOMING IN • Which
arteriole associated
with the glomerulus has
the wider diameter?

Checkpoint 19-8: The first step in urine
formation is glomerular filtration. What is
glomerular filtration?

Countercurrent
mechanism for
concentration of
urine.

Summary of urine formation in a nephron.

Checkpoint 19-9: What are the four
processes involved in the formation of urine?

Question:
What is the name of the process that

finally concentrates the urine and
regulates the amount of water
excreted?
a. tubular reabsorption
b. countercurrent mechanism
c. glomerular filtration

Answer:
b. countercurrent mechanism

Control of Blood Pressure
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus: Specialized cells that
regulate kidney function
• Triggered by low blood pressure
– Secretes renin enzyme

Structure of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus. Note
how the distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent
arteriole (right). Cells in these two structures make up
the JG apparatus. Zooming In: The JG apparatus is
made up of cells from which two structures?
Checkpoint 19-10: What substance is
produced by the JG apparatus and under what
conditions is it produced?

The Ureters
• Long, slender, muscular tubes

– Epithelial cell lining
– Involuntary muscle layer
– Fibrous connective tissue coat
• Entirely extraperitoneal
• Extend from kidney to urinary bladder
• Move urine by gravity and peristalsis

The Urinary Bladder
Temporary reservoir for urine

• Multiple layers
• Mucous membrane
– Transitional epithelium
– Rugae
– Connective tissue
– Three-layered coat of involuntary muscle tissue
– Incomplete coat of peritoneum
• Trigone

Interior of the male
urinary bladder.
ZOOMING IN • What gland does the

urethra pass through in the male?

The Urethra
Tube that extends from the bladder to the outside
• Male
– Part of both reproductive and urinary systems
• Female
– Entirely separate from reproductive system

Urination
Process of expelling urine from bladder (micturition)
• Involuntary control
– Internal urethral sphincter
• Voluntary control
– External urethral sphincter

Checkpoint 19-11: What is the name of the
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the
bladder?
Checkpoint 19-12: What is the name of the

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside?

The Urine
• 95% water, 5% dissolved solids and gases

• pH averages 6.0
• Specific gravity measures amount of dissolved
substances
– Normal range 1.002 to 1.040

Normal Constituents
Dissolved solids normally found in urine
• Nitrogenous waste products
– Urea
– Uric acid
– Creatinine
• Electrolytes
– Sodium chloride
– Sulfates
– Phosphates
• Pigment

Abnormal Constituents
Urinalysis is evaluation of urine
• Glucose
– Glycosuria
• Albumin
– Albuminuria
• Blood
– Hematuria
• Ketones
– Diabetes mellitus and starvation
• White blood cells
– Pyuria
• Casts
– Nephron disease
Question:
Which of these is NOT a normal

constituent of urine?
a. creatinine
b. albumin
c. sodium chloride

Answer:
b. albumin

Question:
The amount of dissolved substances

in urine is indicated by what
measurement?
a. dialysis
b. turbidity
c. specific gravity

Answer:
c. specific gravity

The Effects of Aging
• Loss of ability to concentrate urine

• Decrease in number and size of nephrons
• Increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
• Urinary infections
• Prostate enlargement
• Decreased bladder capacity
• Incontinence

BODY FLUIDS:
The Importance of Water
Body fluid maintenance
• Thirst mechanism maintains volume
• Kidney activity regulates volume and composition
• Hormones regulate fluid volume and electrolytes
• Buffers, respiration, and kidney function regulate pH

Fluid Compartments
• Intracellular fluid (ICF)

– Two-thirds to three-fourths of all body fluids
• Extracellular fluid (ECF)
– Interstitial fluid
– Blood plasma
– Lymph
– Fluid in special compartments

Main fluid
compartments
showing relative
percentage by
weight of body
fluid.
Zooming In: What

are some avenues
through which
water is lost?

Checkpoint 19-13: What are the two main
compartments into which body fluids are
grouped?

Water Balance
• Water gain from
– Beverages
– Food
– Cellular respiration
• Water loss from
– Kidneys
– Skin
– Lungs
– Intestinal tract

Daily gain and loss of water.

Checkpoint 19-14: What are three routes for
water loss from the body?

Sense of Thirst
Control center for thirst

• Located in hypothalamus
• Regulates total fluid volume

Checkpoint 19-15: Where is the control
center for the sense of thirst located?

Electrolytes and Their Functions
Conduct electrical current in solution
• Positive ions (cations)
– Sodium
– Potassium
– Calcium
• Negative ions (anions)
– Phosphate
– Chloride

Checkpoint 19-16: What is the main cation in
extracellular fluid? In intracellular fluid?
Checkpoint 19-17: What is the main anion in

extracellular fluid?

Electrolyte Balance
• Kidneys do majority of balancing

• Hormones involved
– Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (pituitary)
– Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid & thyroid glands)
– Calcitonin hormone (thyroid)
– Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (from the heart)

Checkpoint 19-18: What are some
mechanisms for regulating electrolytes in body
fluids?

Question:
When blood concentration of sodium

rises, the pituitary secretes what
hormone?
a. ANP
b. ADH
c. calcitonin

Answer:
b. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Acid–Base Balance
• pH scale measures hydrogen ion (H+) concentration

• Body fluids have normal pH of 7.35 to 7.45
• Three-tenths of a point shift in either direction is fatal

Regulation of pH
• Buffer systems accept or release ions as needed

– Bicarbonate
– Phosphate
– Proteins
• Respiration provides short-term regulation
• Kidney function provides long-term regulation

Checkpoint 19-19: What are three
mechanisms for maintaining the acid–base
balance of body fluids?

End of Presentation

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Memmler’s

Structure and Function of the Human Body

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The renal pelvis forms the upper end

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Checkpoint 19-4: What vessel supplies blood

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Functional kidney unit Blood supply

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Zooming In: Which of

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

What vessel carries blood away from

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

What is the name of the process that

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Long, slender, muscular tubes

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Temporary reservoir for urine

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ZOOMING IN • What gland does the

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Checkpoint 19-12: What is the name of the

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• 95% water, 5% dissolved solids and gases

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Which of these is NOT a normal

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The amount of dissolved substances

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Loss of ability to concentrate urine

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Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Zooming In: What