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Rocks
Hydrocarbon Source Rocks
• As sediments which are or were capable of generating oil or gas.
• To formed a commercial accumulation depends:
(a) Largerly on the Volume and Richness
of the source rocks.
(b) Maturity history.
(c) The Geological framework in which it
occur.
• Oil and Gas derive from the organic remains
incorporated in, and burried with sedimentary
rocks.
• The classical hydrocarbon source rock in a
clastic environment is an organic rich, dark
olive grey to black laminated mudstone, shale,
clay.
• The organic matter (OM) in the source rock is
broadly term “kerogen” if solid or insoluble,
“bitumen” if fluid or solvent extractable, and
gas if gasseous.
Source Rocks
Fine grained sediments –
thinly laminated containing
Organic Matters (OM)
Anaerobic – oxygen level <
0.5 mL/L – lack of
bioturbation
Deposited in low energy
environments (swamp, lake,
delta, lagoon, deep marine)
Source Rock Geochemistry
(a).Type I:
Relatively rare, they frequently correspond
to lacustrine oil shales where much of the
organic matter has been derived from green
algae (e.g. Botryococcus and related genera).
(b).Type II:
May be derived from algae, this time generally
deposited in marine environments. Other
sources of this type of kerogen include the
more hydrogen rich components of higher plants
(cuticle, resin, spores and pollen).
(c).Type III:
They are derived largely from the lignin
components of higher plants with only
minor amounts of cuticle, resin or spores;
low hydrogen contents.
(d).Type IV:
It comprises plant tissue that has been
oxidised. It has little potential to generate
petroleum.
Kerogen Type
Kerogen: insoluble; preserved in sedimentary rocks.
Type I : Amorphous
Type I (very oil prone):
amorphous, hydrogen-rich, algal in anaerobic,
especially lacustrine.
Type II (oil prone):
herbaceous, comparatively hydrogen-rich,
phytoplankton in suboxic; especially marine.
Type II : Amorphous and
Herbaceous
Type III (gas prone):
woody and coaly; hydrogen-poor and poly-
aromatic; higher plants.
Type IV (inertinite): woody and coaly,
oxidized and hydrogen-very poor.
Type II – S: amorphous, unusually high organic
Type III : Woody and Coaly
sulfur about 8 – 14% (atomic S/C > 0.04, and
appear to begin to generate oil at lower thermal
exposure.
Types of Kerogen
(a). Oil-prone kerogen (labile kerogen) :
Components which are lipid-and hydrogen-
rich and yield predominantly oil
(C6+molecules) but also some gas (C1-5
molecules) typically between 100º and 150º
C in the subsurface.