Water Pollution

Paint
Industry
Asian Pacific Coatings Journal
(May 22, 2015)
How do we solve this?
ELECTROCHEMICAL
TREATMENT
Koren & Syversen, 1995
 Akyol, 2012

Factors:
• Electrode Type
• Initial pH
• Current Density
• Operating Time
Optimization Studies on the
Electroflocculation of Paint
Manufacturing Wastewater by
Response Surface Methodology
Lizette Sahar N. Arcillas
 In this study…

OPTIMIZE
EF conditions of treating PMW to
comply with the effluent standards
(DAO 2016-08).
 1. Perform 2k FACTORIAL experiments to
determine the significant factors in
COD, color and TSS removal efficiencies
(% reduction) via batch EF;
2. Apply RSM on the significant factors;
3. Obtain a statistical model relating
Specific process time, current, and initial PMW
pH and the responses;
Objectives 4. Assess the SECONDARY EFFECTS OF
EF on pH and temperature;
5. Calculate CHARGE DOSE using the
optimum electrolytic parameters to
approximate energy requirements and
cost.
2k Factorial Experiment

RSM-designed Experiment

Numerical Optimization and

Experimental Verification

Secondary Effects of EF to pH and

Temperature

Estimation of Energy Requirements

and Cost
 Electrolysis Set-up
• Electrodes
 ANODE: Aluminum
 CATHODE: Stainless Steel
 Electrode Distance: 5-mm
 SA: 5 cm x 15 cm
Iron • Temp. Regulation (~30-35 deg. C)
clamp • Working volume: 800 mL
Thermometer 1-L tall beaker

Cathode Electrode Reactions

Anode • ANODE
Cold water bath • 2H2O ↔ O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e-
Magnetic bar • Al(s) ↔ Al3+ + 3e-
Magnetic stirrer • CATHODE
• 2H2O + 2e- ↔ H2(g) + 2OH-
 2k Factorial Experiment
FACTORS UNITS LOW (-) VALUE HIGH (+) VALUE REFERENCE

Initial pH - 2 8 Akyol, 2012

Gajjar & Patel, 2013
Process Time min 10 90
da Silva et al., 2013
Cerquiera et al., 2009
Current mA 100 750
da Silva et al., 2013

Responses: TSS (% reduction)

Color (% reduction)
COD (% reduction)
2k Factorial Experiment

Expected Output
 ANOVA

statease.com
 2k Factorial Experiment

Expected Output
 Characterization of main effects and
interactions of factors

statease.com
2k Factorial Experiment

Expected Output
 Range of Values
• Contour Plots
• 3D Model

www.researchgate.net
 RSM-designed Experiment*
FACTORS UNITS LOW (-) VALUE HIGH (+) VALUE REFERENCE

Initial pH - 2 8 Akyol, 2012

Gajjar & Patel, 2013
Process Time min 10 90
da Silva et al., 2013
Cerquiera et al., 2009
Current mA 100 750
da Silva et al., 2013

Responses: TSS removal efficiency

Color reduction
COD reduction
RSM-designed Experiment

Expected Output
 ANOVA
 Coefficient of Determination (R2)
 Statistical Model
 Contour Plots/3D Model
 Optimum Conditions
Numerical Optimization and Verification

𝑦
= 𝑎𝑜 + 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + 𝑎12 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥1 𝑥3
+ 𝑎23 𝑥2 𝑥3 + 𝑎11 𝑥1 2 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 2

• Maximum TSS removal efficiency, color and COD percentage

removal
• Verified in an independent experiment
Secondary Effects
• Construction of time course profile
– pH
– Temperature

Temperature
pH

Time Time
 Estimation of Energy Requirements and Cost

Charge Dose
𝐼𝑡
𝑄=
𝐶𝑜 − 𝐶 𝑉

where:
Q is the electrical charge passed (Coulombs)
I is the operating current (Amperes)
t is the process time of the electrolysis (seconds)
Co is the initial concentration of the pollutant (mg/L)
C is the final concentration of the pollutant (mg/L)
V is the working volume (L)
 Estimation of Energy Requirements and Cost

Charge Dose
Time Concentration

Charge = I(t)
(min) (AU)
0 C0
t1 C1 Using LR:
t2 C2 slope = charge dose, Q
t3 C3
t4 C4
Pollutant removed (V(Co – C))
 Estimation of Energy Requirements and Cost

Energy Requirements
𝑄𝐸
𝑊=
3 𝑥 106

where:
W is the specific energy requirement (kWh/mg removed pollutant)
Q is the electrical charge passed (Coulombs/mg removed pollutant)
E is the operating voltage (V)
 Estimation of Energy Requirements and Cost

Energy Cost
𝑃 = 𝑊 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐶 (𝐸𝐶)

where:
P is the estimated energy cost (Php/L of PMW)
W is the specific energy requirement (kWh/mg removed pollutant)
Co is the initial concentration of the pollutant (mg/L)
C is the final concentration of the pollutant (mg/L)
EC is the electricity cost (Php/kWh)
 Analytical Methods

Determination of Color

5 mL
homogenized Dilution Spectrophotometry
sample

Result:
Color (AU)
 Analytical Methods

Determination of Total Suspended Solids

5 mL Vacuum
Calculation of
homogenized filtration Drying
TSS
sample assembly

Result:
mg massdry filter+residue − massdry filter
TSS (mg/L) TSS =
L Vfiltered sample
 Analytical Methods

Actual Set-Up
 Analytical Methods

Determination of COD

2 mL Hach COD
homogenized digestion Digestion Colorimetry
sample reagent vial

Result:
COD (mg/L)
 • AKYOL, A. (2012). Treatment of paint manufacturing
wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination, 285,
91-99.
• BANZUELA, J.M.A. (2017). Electroflocculation of
Monosodium Glutamate Wastewater. Unpublished
Undegraduate Thesis. Department of Chemical
Engineering – Los Banos, Laguna.
• DA SILVA, L.F., BARBOSA, A.D., DE PAULA, H.M.,
ROMUALDO, L.L. & ANDRADE, L.S. (2013).
Treatment of Paint Manufacturing Wastewater by
Coagulation/Electrochemical Methods. Catalao, GO,
Brazil: Universidade Federal de Goias.
MAIN
• GAJJAR, N.S. & PATEL, N. (2013). Treatment of Paint
REFERENCES (Emulsion) Industry Wastewater by
Electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Science,
Toxicology qnd Food Technology, 3(5), 42-45.
• KOREN, J.P.F. & SYVERSEN, U. (1995). State-of-the-
art electroflocculation. Fredrikstad, Norway: Ostfold
Research Foundation.
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