URBAN AND RURAL

TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING

Engr. Joseph Raniel A. Bianes

Faculty-in-Charge
Outline of Presentation

1. Transportation and Land Use

Planning Process
2. Urban Land Use Pattern
3. Travel Demand Forecasting
4. Example of Trip Generation
Analysis
TRANSPORTATION AND
LAND USE PLANNING
PROCESS
 Transportation

- is the complex system of moving

people and goods on land, water and air
from one place to another.
 The Process Involved
Encompasses Three (3) Broad
Fields:
1. Transportation Economics
2. Transportation Planning
3. Transportation Engineering
Transportation Planning
- in a broad sense, is to
develop a system of transport
which will enable people and
goods to travel safely,
comfortably, conveniently,
and economically.
It is concerned with the
development of a transportation
plan for urban area of for an entire
country or state.
This involves:
1. Generating and comparing alternative plan

2. Evaluating the social, economic and

environmental impacts of proposed
transportation actions, and

3. With appropriate participation of citizens,

political representatives, and public agencies,
selecting the preferred plan.
Transportation Planning
consists of three (3) levels of
planning
1. Policy Planning
2. Systems Planning
3. Project or facility Planning
 Policy Planning
-is concerned with the
establishment of transportation
policy and the development of
goals and objectives. It involves
the questions of resource
allocation, both in terms of
allocation by geographic area
and by transport mode.
 Systems Planning
- is a process under which
transportation networks and
corridors are defined, starting
from forecasts of population
and economic growth and
continuing through estimates
of persons and goods
movements to a physical
description of the systems
required to meet those real
and implied needs.
 Project or Facility Planning
- is concerned primarily
with determining the scale
and layout of individual
facilities to accommodate
the anticipated demand.
Three (3) Categories of
Planning Relative to Planning
Period:
1. Long-range planning
(15-30 years into the future)
2. Intermediate-range planning
(5-15 years)
3. Short-range planning (5 years)
 Basic Transportation Planning Process
Identify Problems & Define Goals

Organize

Conduct Inventories

Develop Models

Forecasts

Develop Alternative Plan

Evaluate and Select Plan

Implement Plan Surveillance & Re-appraisal

 Planning
Principles/Requirements

Three (3) F Three (3) C

1. Feasible 1. Comprehensive
2. Flexible 2. Continuing
3. Fundamentals 3. Cooperative

Three (3) E
1. Efficient
2. Effective
3. Economical
Comprehensive
Transportation Planning

- it is the study of present transportation

patterns in relation to present population,
economy and land use of an area;
- the estimation of future transportation
patterns related to prediction of future
population, land use and economy;
- the design of alternate transportation
networks and facilities;

- the evaluation of alternates; and

- the adoption of a transportation plan

with proposals for its implementation,
scheduling and financing
Comprehensive Urban
Planning

- is the devising of course of

action intended to reach certain
goals related to the development
of the urban complex.
Urban Transportation Planning

- is an element of comprehensive
urban planning and is guided by those
goals which relate to transportation
systems;
- it is a continuous process for
developing, in advance, courses of
action for accomplishing urban goals
through maintaining the best level and
balance of all modes of transportation
Urban Transportation System

- is the total public and private

means for the movement of people
and goods on land, water, and air,
to, within and through the urban
region.
Urban Modes in Use Today
are:
1. Highways
2. Railways
3. Airways
4. Waterways
5. Pedestrian Ways
Urban Transportation
Problems
Problems generated by urban transport or those
plaguing the urban transportation systems which
disrupt the social and economic interaction,
which are but a reflection of the effects of more
process such as:
1. Population
2. Phenomenon of Migration
3 Urbanization and Urban Growth
4. Income Growth & Income Distribution
5. Industrial Development
6. Motorization
7. Land Use Development and
8. Other Socio-economic factors
 Urban Planning

Land Use Planning

- is the ordering of growth
and the structuring of
development over geographic
space by optimizing the use of
land.
Land Use Plan
- defined as a statement of
the principles and objectives
for planned growth with
specific indication of areas for
future expansion and the
means by which such may be
implemented.
Objective of Land Use
Planning
To provide a guide to urban growth
and development to achieve an
effective, healthful and aesthetically
pleasing community environment
through the systematic arrangement
of the different services,
infrastructure and utilities.
Heirarchy or levels of Land
Use Planning
1. National Level
2. Regional Level
3. Local Level
 National Level
- land use planning is more
concerned with classifying
land uses according to
broad categories mainly
based on vegetative cover.
Regional Level

- basically similar to national level however, the area

coverage has been reduced, but the scope has
increased to include the functional relationship of the
region to the other regions and the capabilities of the
land to absorb then various land uses.
Local Level

- is an examination of the functional role of the

municipality with respect to other municipalities,
to the province and to the region as a whole is
considered and where the systematic
arrangment of facilities for the benefit of the
people is a major concern.
Role of Land use Planning in
Transportation Planning
1. The land use plan pinpoints location of man’s
various activities such as production and social
interaction, while transportation plan seek to
overcome the distance between these places in the
most effective way possible.
2. Knowledge of the location of the different
activities is important in the estimation of the
number of trips generated, as well as the
distribution of the trips throughout an area.
Classification of Land Use
Planning

1. General Land use Planning

2. Urban Land use Planning
General Land use
Planning
- is concerned with the proper management of natural
resources through planned uses and the maintenance
of ecological balance, which categories (forest and
non-forest) are mainly based on vegetative cover. It is
applied at the national, regional and local levels
(except for urban areas)
Urban Land Use Planning
Depends primarily on social and
economic activities of man, which is treated
as a single category in general land use
planning and is further categorized into
specific land uses, namely:
1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Institutional
4. Industrial and
5. Recreational including parks
and open spaces
Existing Land Use Pattern in the
Country
1. Strip/linear development
2. Grid
3. Concentric
4. Coastal
5. Ring
6. Nucleated
7. Constellation
8. Satellite
TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING
FORECASTING – is the art of
identifying potential magnitudes of
change over a specified period of time in
the future.
STRUCTURE OF TRAVEL DEMAND
FORECASTING
Analytical structure is the way it is
formulated, manipulated, sequenced, and
solved (generally symbolically or
mathematically).
A TRIP is a one-way person
movement by one or more modes of
travel; each trip will have an origin
and a destination.
All trips which have one end at the
home are said to be generated by the
home and the other end of the trip is
said to be attracted to the zone in
which it commences or terminates.
TRIP GENERATION – is the stage
of the travel demand analysis
process concerning with the
prediction of future levels of person
or vehicle travel, usually for traffic
zones or combination of traffic zones
known as traffic district.
Trip generation which is the
development of relationship between the
total number of trip origins and
destinations in a zone and the zonal
characteristics, is the second stage in the
transportation planning process following
the transportation survey, which concerns
the collection of all details of the existing
trip-making pattern and the socio-
economic, land-use and transportation
system characteristics of the survey area.
TYPICAL STRATIFICATION OF TRIP
PURPOSE
Home to work
Home to school
To shop
To social-recreational
To home
Miscellaneous
METHODS OF FORECASTING
TRIP FORECASTING
(Methods in TGA)
1. The Land Use Ratio Model or
Growth Factor
2. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

3. Cross Classification (as called in

North America) or Category Analysis
(as in Europe)
SIMPLIFIED OUTLINE OF FOUR
STEP MODELS
(Trip Estimation Process)
TRIP GENERATION – a determination
of the quantity of trip ends associated
with parcel of land or some other
generating units.
TRIP DISTRIBUTION - a
determination of the interchange of a
given number of trips among land areas
or zones in the region.
MODAL SPLIT – the division of
person travel between transit and
automobiles

TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT – the

allocation of traffic flows among
routes available between any two
places.
TGA PROBLEMS: TGA is used to relate
the magnitude of trip production/attraction
to measures the intensity of land use.
TYPES OF LAND USE MEASURE OF INTENSITY TRIP PRODUCTION/
ATTRACTION MAGNITUDES
Residential Population (P) Number of Origins (O)
Size of Labor Force (L)
Number of Autos (A)
Average Income (I)
Industrial Number of Jobs (J) Number of Destinations (D)
Areas of Floor Space (FS)
Commercial No. of Parking Spaces (PS) Number of Destinations (D)
Annual Sales Volume (SV)
Recreational No. of Rooms Number of Destinations
Seating Capacity (D)
Problem on Trip Generation

Develop a trip generation model of the form, Tij = bo +

biZnj for the following shopping trip generation. Based on
the model, calculate the trip ends if there are 50 types of
household for each having 3, 4 & 6 people in the
household from the zones of origin
Household Trips People in Household Trips People in
No. HHi No. HHi
1 3 4 6 2 4

2 1 2 7 6 8

3 1 3 8 4 6

4 5 4 9 5 6

5 3 2 10 2 2
Notes:
Tij = no. of vehicles-based trips of type i
(i.e., shopping or social/recreational)
nade by household j.
Znj = characterisitics n (e.g., income,
employment in neighborhood, no. of
household members) of household j.
bo & bi = coefficient estimated from
traveler survey data & corresponding
to characteristics n.
Solutions:
Model: Tij = bo + bi Znj
i = shopping trip
j = household (HHj)
n = household member (HHm)

Let y = Tij (no. of shopping trips)

y = estimate of y
x = Znj
By regression analysis
d=y–y y = bo + bix
d2 = ( y – y )2
d2 = ( y – bo - bix )2
Summing up the equation above
Σd2 = Σ( y – bo - bix )2
F(bo, bi) = Σd2
= Σ( y – bo - bix )2
Solve Partial Differential
with respect to bo & bi
δF(bo, bi)
= Σ-2 ( y – bo - bix )
δ bo
= Σ ( y – bo - bix )
= Σy – Σ bo - Σ bix
= Σy – Σn bo - Σ bix
(normal equation 1)
δF(bo, bi)
= Σ-2x ( y – bo - bix )
δ bi
= Σxy – Σ box - Σ bix 2
= Σxy – boΣx - biΣx2

(normal equation 2)
Y = Tij = trips X = Znj HHm xy x2
3 4 12 16
1 2 2 4
1 3 3 9
5 4 20 16
3 2 6 4
2 4 8 16
6 8 48 64
4 6 24 36
5 6 30 36
2 2 4 4
Σy = 32 Σx = 41 Σxy = 157 Σx2 = 205
Most Probable Values of x & y

Σx 41
x = = = 4.1
n 10

Σy 32
y = = = 3.2
n 10
Substituting the values to the Normal
Equations 1 & 2
32 – 10bo – 41bi = 0 eq.1
157 – 41bo – 205bo = 0 eq.2

Multiply eq.1 by 205 & eq.2 by 41 to

get the value of bo

6560 – 205 bo – 8405 bi = 0 1a

6437 – 1681 bo – 8405 bi = 0 2a
Subtract 1a to 2a
123 – 369 bo = 0;
bo = 0.333

Substitute the value of bo to eq. 1 to

get the value of bi
32 – 10(0.333) – 41 bo = 0

bi = 0.699
The Model is

Tij = 0.333 + 0.699Znj

Trip Ends
T = THH * ΣTij, person trips

ΣTij = Ti3 + Ti4 + Ti6

but
Ti3 = 0.333 + 0.699(3) = 2.43/HH
Ti3 = 0.333 + 0.699(4) = 3.13/HH
Ti3 = 0.333 + 0.699(6) = 4.53/HH
= 10.09/HH
Therefore:

T = 50(10.09) = 504.5 person trips

References:
1. J. B. Kennedy and A. M. Neville. Basic Statistical
Methods for Engineers and Scientists, 2nd ed. New
York, Harper & Row, 2006.
2. James B. Banks. Introduction to Transportation
Engineering. International Edition 1998. McGraw-
Hill, 1998
3. James B. Banks. Political Influence in Transportation
Planning: The San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan
Transportation Commission’s Regional
Transportation Plan. Berkeley, CA, University of
California Institute of Transportation Studies
Dissertation Series UCB-ITS-77-1, 1977
4. M. d. Meyer and E. J. Miller. Urban
Transportation Planning. A Decision-Oriented
Approach. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Thank you very much!