01-Digital Microwave Communication Principle

Digital Microwave
Communication
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 This course is developed for the requirement of OptiX RTN
equipments.
 This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of digital

microwave communication. Engineers can have a basis to
further understand OptiX RTN equipments after finish the
course.
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Learning Guide
 Before this course, you may refer to these references
first:
 SDH Principle
 Network Communication Technology
 Electromagnetism Basics
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the concept and characteristics of digital microwave
communication
 Describe the theory and function of each part in the digital

microwave system
 List the networking application for digital microwave systems
 List the types of fading in microwave propagation
 List the common technologies of anti-fading
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction
3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

Equipment
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Transmission Methods for Communication
Coaxial Cable
Fiber
MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.
Satellite
Fiber and Microwave Transmission
Microwave (MW) Optical Fiber
Easy to cross the space, few land Optical cable construction,
used, avoid the private land issue large amounts of land used.
Low investment, short period, High investment, long

easy to maintain Construction period
Strong ability of Anti-natural Outside cable maintenance,
Disaster, easy to be restored natural disaster influence
Need to apply frequency

No frequency license required
license
Performance affected by weather Performance stable, less
and landform external influence
Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity
Microwave (MW) Definition
 Microwave (MW)
 A type of electromagnetic wave.
 Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.
 Be regard as plane wave.
 The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of

transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as
Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Developing of MW Communication
Capacity（/ch）
Hybrid/Packet
1G Integrated IP
Microwave
155M SDH Digital

MW system
PDH Digital 2000’s till now

34/140M
MW System
Medium, low
capacity Digital 1990’s
2/4/6/8M MW System
Analog MW 1980’s
System
480 tone
channel 1970’s
s 1950’s
Digital MW Communication Concepts
 The communication that use microwave as carrier is

microwave communication.
 The microwave communication with digital baseband signal

is Digital microwave communication.
 There is an intermediate frequency between digital

baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Digital Microwave Communication
System Model
Frequency Band and Radio Channel
 The common frequency bands :
 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
1.5 2.5GHz
region networks
2
8 3.3 11 GHz
long-distance
34 area and local network, boundary
backbone network
Mbit/s network
34
2
140 8
155 34
Mbit/s 140
155
Mbit/s GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50
(Cont.)
 The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are
defined in every frequency band.
Frequency scope
f0(central freq.)
Low frequency band High frequency band
Protection T/R spacing

Protection
spacing T/R spacing
spacing
Channel Adjacent Channel

spacing T/R spacing
spacing
f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’
(Cont.)
Frequency scope（7425－7725MHz）
f0(7575M)
T/R spacing:
154M
28M
f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’
T/R Spacing Sub-Band Lower Sub-band TX Frequency Higher Sub-band TX Frequency (MHz)
(MHz) (MHz)
Lower Limit Upper Limit Lower Limit Upper Limit
154 A 7,428.00 7,484.00 7,582.00 7,638.00
154 B 7,470.00 7,526.00 7,624.00 7,680.00
154 C 7,512.00 7,568.00 7,666.00 7,722.00
154 D 7,128.00 7,184.00 7,282.00 7,338.00
154 E 7,170.00 7,226.00 7,324.00 7,380.00
154 F 7,212.00 7,268.00 7,366.00 7,422.00
154 G 7,456.00 7,512.00 7,610.00 7,666.00
154 H 7,484.00 7,540.00 7,638.00 7,694.00
Modulation Modes for Digital MW
 The microwave carrier is digitally modulated by the
baseband signal.
Service
signal
Base band Channel

Signal modulation bandwidth
rate
Digital base band signal

Intermedia frequency
(IF) signal
Modulation Modes for Digital MW
(Cont.)
 The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A*COS（Wc*t+φ） PSK and QAM

are commonly
used in digital
Amplitude Frequency MW
Phase
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and φ are constant

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and φ are constant
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK): φ is variable, A and Wc are constant
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and φ are variable, Wc is
constant
Microwave Frame Structure
 The microwave frame structure can be illustrated as below:
Questions
 What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication？
 What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?
 What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?
 What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation

modes are used in digital MW?
Contents

Equipment
Classification of Digital MW Equipment
Modes Digital MW Analog MW
Multiplexing PDH SDH Hybrid and IP
medium, Large Huge

low capacity capacity
Capacit capacity
（STM-0，（More than
y （2～16E1， STM-1，2 300Mbps）
Discontinued
34M） x STM-1）
Trunk MW
Structure split-mount MW
All-outdoor MW
Trunk MW Equipment
Branching Units: a hybrid signal

combiner/splitter of the trunk MW
equipment
RFUs: transceiver of the trunk MW

equipment
IDU: indoor part of the trunk

microwave (for both integrated
and split trunk microwave)
All-outdoor MW Equipment
IF and baseband
signal processing unit
and RF signal
processing unit Antenna
Hybrid
Coupler
Service and
power
All-outdoor MW equipment cable
Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable
RF unit or Outdoor unit
(ODU)
Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
Split-mount MW Equipment-Installation
Separate installation Direct installation
Antenna
Antenna
ODU
Soft
waveguide
(ODU) IF cable IF cable
中频
口 IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
Antenna
 The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter

into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid
antenna and Cassegrainian antenna are usually used.
 The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and
3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna
Antenna (Cont.)
 Function: Directional transmission and reception of RF signals
 Main parameters: Frequency band, Diameter and Antenna gain
 Classification: Single-polarized and Dual-polarized antenna
Antenna (Cont.)
 Several channels in one frequency band can share one

antenna.
Channel Channel
1 1
Tx
1 1
Rx
n n
Tx
n n
Rx
Antenna Specifications
 Antenna gain
 The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface
antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the
same point.
 D 
2
 It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB) : P
G  io    
 Half power angle (3 dB beam width) Pi   
 From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points where the
power decrease half are half power point. The angle between
the two half power points is half power angle.
 Approximate calculation formula
is:

 0.5  (650 ~ 700 ) Half power angle
D
Antenna Specifications (Cont.)
 Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)

 The suppressive intensity of power received from expected
polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more than
30db. Formula is:
XdB＝10lgPo/Px
 Antenna protection ratio

 It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other lobes to
the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The 180 degree
antenna protection ratio also be called as the front / rear protection
ratio.
Antenna Alignment
Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
Antenna Alignment (Cont.)
Wrong Wrong Correct
Outdoor Unit
 ODU (same as RF unit) is used to convert IF and RF

signals, process and amplify the RF signals. Specification
of the ODU is related to the RF frequency and
independent of the transmission capacity.
ODU RFU
Outdoor Unit (Cont.)
 The main specifications of transmitter

 Working frequency band:
 One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a
frequency band.
 Output power:
 The power at the output port of transmitter.
 The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
 The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)

 Frequency stability
 The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is
from 3 to 10 ppm.
 Transmitting frequency spectrum frame

 A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
 The main specifications of receiver

 Work frequency band:
 The receiving frequency of local station is the same with
the remote station.
 Frequency stability
 The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
 Noise Figure
 The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from
2.5 to 5dB.
 The main specifications of receiver (cont.)

 Passband
 The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code
element rate.
 Selectivity
 The suppressing ability against interference beyond
transmission bands
 Automatic gain control (AGC) range
 Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output
power level when receiving RF power level shift in a range
because of fading.
Indoor Unit
 Accessing service like E1, STM-1 or Ethernet
 Processing RFCOH
 Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Indoor Unit (Cont.)
Service
IF unit
channel
Multiplex of
microwave
modulat Tx IF
Cable interface
frame ion
Service From/to
accessing Demultiplex of
demodul
Rx IF ODU
microwave
frame ation
Interface Service
of OM Monitor and control channel
unit
DC/DC convert
Questions
 What are the classification of digital MW equipment？
 What components are there in the split-mount digital MW

equipment？What are the functions of them?
 What are the main specifications of antenna？
 What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver？
Summary
 Classification of digital microwave equipment
 Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW

equipment
 Parameters of antenna
 Parameters of ODU
 Function of IDU
Contents

Equipment
Common Networking Application
 Basic Topologies
Star
Chain Ring
Tree Mesh
Types of Digital MW Stations
 The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay
station and pivotal station
Relay Pivotal
statio station
Terminal n
station
Pivotal Terminal
station station
Terminal
station
Types of Relay Stations
Passive • Parabolic reflectors
• Plane reflector
Relay
station
• Regenerative relay
Active
• IF relay
• RF relay
Active Relay Stations
 RF direct station:
 Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without
frequency shift.
 Regenerative relay station:
 It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction
to round the obstacles.
Passive Relay Stations
 Parabolic reflectors:
 It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected
back to back with a section of waveguide.
 Plane reflectors:
 A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
Passive Relay Stations (Cont.)
Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors
Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network (the Special
Backhaul last mile transmission
transmission access) situation (river,
for mobile lake, island)
BTS Microwave
application
Emergency
Critical link communication
backup （large activity,
crisis）
VIP customer
access
Questions
 Which network application are commonly used by digital

MW?
 What types of stations are there in the digital MW system?
 What types of the relay stations are there?
 What are the applications for digital MW system?
Contents

Equipment
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Anti-fading Technologies
Factors Affect MW Propagation
 Landform:
 The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct
Direct
Reflection Reflection
 4 types of the landform:

 A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings)
 B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently)
 C: flatland
 D: large acreage of water
Factors Affect MW Propagation (Cont.)
 Atmosphere and weather:
 Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave whose

frequency is over 12 GHz.
 Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere.
 Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and snow.

It mainly affects the microwave whose frequency is over 10
GHz.
Classification of the Fading
Fading
Sustained Received
Mechanism Effect
duration level
Fading in free space

Downward fading
Absorption loss
Upward Fading
Fading of rain and fog
Frequency selective fading
Scintillation fading
K factor fading Fast Fading Flat fading
Duct Type fading Slow Fading
Fading Classified by Mechanism-Free
Space Fading
 Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
 d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz
d
PTX = Output power
GTX GRX PRX = Receiving power
Power G = Antenna gain

f
Level A = Free space loss
G M = Fading Margin
A
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
distance
Fading Classified by Mechanism-
Absorption Loss
 It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
Fading Classified by Mechanism-Rain
& Fog Fading
 Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
K Factor Fading
 A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of
earth).
 The value of K depends on the local meteorological
phenomena
Re R
Scintillation Fading
 The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area,
and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Fading Classified by Mechanism-Duct
Type Fading
 When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide,
super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
Fading Classified by Sustained
Duration
 Fast Fading
 Short-duration fading is called slow fading and the duration
is from several seconds to several minutes.
 Slow Fading
 Long-duration fading is called slow fading and the duration is
from several minutes to several hours.
Fading Classified by Received Level
 Upward Fading
 When the received level is higher than the free space level, it
is called upward fading
 Downward Fading
 When the received level is lower than the free space level, it
is called downward fading
Cases of Fading
Upward
fading
Receive
level in
free space
Threshol
d
(-30dB )
Fast 1h Signal
fading Slow interruption
fading
Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
 The receiving paths includes

direct path and other
reflection paths.
 Multi-path fading is caused by

the signals interference from Ground
different propagation paths
Fading Classified by Effect
 Multi-path fading can be classified into flat fading and
frequency selective fading.
Receiving power (dBm)
Flat Selective fading
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Anti-fading Technologies
Anti-fading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Adaptive Equalization Wave shape distortion
Anti-fading Wave shape distortion
Cross Polarization Interference
technologies
Counteract
related with
Equipment Automatic Transmit Power
Power reduction
Control
Forward Error Correction Power reduction
Anti-fading
technologies Wave shape distortion
Diversity receive technologies
related with and Power reduction
system
Adaptive Frequency Equalization
Slope
Signal frequency Spectrum
Multi-path fading after
spectrum domain
equalization equalization
Adaptive Time Equalization
T … T … T
Before C-n C0 Cn After

Equalizatio Equalization
n
-2Ts -Ts Ts -2Ts -Ts Ts
Automatic Transmit Power Control
 ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system,

upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine
characteristic of residual error rate.
modulator transmitte receiver demodulato

r r
ATPC ATPC
demodulato receiver transmitte modulator

r r
XPIC
 XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
680MHz
30MH 340MHz
z 80MHz
60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
Horizontal V (H)
Direction of polarization
electric H (V)
field
680MHz
Vertical
340MH
polarization 30MH 80MHz z
z 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X1X’ 2X’ 3X' 4X’ 5X’ 6X’ 7X’ 8X’
Frequency configuration in U6GHz band（ITU-R F.384-5）
XPIC (Cont.)
 An XPIC IF board processes incoming signals in the
horizontal and vertical polarization directions so that
the original signals can be recovered from
interference.
Site A Site B
Modem Modem
ODU 1 f1 ODU 1
Service f1 f1 Service
H
V
Service f1 f1 Service
ODU 2 ODU 2
Modem Modem
Service singnal
H: horizontal polarization direction
V: vertical polarization direction
Diversity Reception
 Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of fading.

It includes:
 Space diversity (SD)
 Frequency diversity (FD)
 Space Diversity Combination
 Polarization diversity
 Angle diversity
Space Diversity
 The merit is that frequency resource can be saved, but

demerit is that system is complex and needs two or more
sets of feeders and antennas.
f1
Frequency Diversity
 The merit is only one set of feeder and antenna is needed,

but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1
f2
Space Diversity Combination
 Space Diversity Combination is generally used for long-

distance radio links with serious multi-fading, for example,
radio links over lakes or the sea with serious water surface
reflection. If the receive power of the main and diversity
antennas is about the same, using SD combination can
improve the system gain by about 2.5 dB.
Polarization Diversity and Angle
Diversity
 Polarization diversity: Diversity transmission and reception
wherein the same information signal is transmitted and received
simultaneously on orthogonally polarized waves with fade-
independent propagation characteristics.
 Angle diversity: Diversity reception in which beyond-the-horizon
tropospheric scatter signals are received at slightly different
angles, equivalent to paths through different scatter volumes in
the troposphere.
Other Anti-fading Methods
 Blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or obstacles.
Other Anti-fading Methods (Cont.)
 Different height antennas in one hop.
Questions
 What are the factors that affect microwave propagation?
 What types of fading are there in microwave propagation?
 What types of anti-fading technologies can be used?
Summary
 Digital microwave communication definitions.
 Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement
 Structure and function of digital microwave equipment
 Application of digital microwave communication
 Microwave propagation and fading
 Anti-fading technologies
Thank you
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Digital Microwave

Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 This course mainly introduces the basic knowledge of digital

 Network Communication Technology

 Describe the theory and function of each part in the digital

 List the networking application for digital microwave systems

 List the types of fading in microwave propagation

 List the common technologies of anti-fading

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

Low investment, short period, High investment, long

Need to apply frequency

Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity

 Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.

 Be regard as plane wave.

 The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of

155M SDH Digital

PDH Digital 2000’s till now

 The communication that use microwave as carrier is

 The microwave communication with digital baseband signal

 There is an intermediate frequency between digital

Protection T/R spacing

Channel Adjacent Channel

f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’

Base band Channel

Digital base band signal

A*COS（Wc*t+φ） PSK and QAM

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and φ are constant

 What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

 What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?

 What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

Multiplexing PDH SDH Hybrid and IP

medium, Large Huge

Branching Units: a hybrid signal

RFUs: transceiver of the trunk MW

IDU: indoor part of the trunk

 The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter

Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna

 Main parameters: Frequency band, Diameter and Antenna gain

 Classification: Single-polarized and Dual-polarized antenna

 Several channels in one frequency band can share one

 Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)

 Antenna protection ratio

Wrong Wrong Correct

 ODU (same as RF unit) is used to convert IF and RF

 The main specifications of transmitter

 The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)

 Transmitting frequency spectrum frame

 The main specifications of receiver

 The main specifications of receiver (cont.)

 What are the classification of digital MW equipment？

 What components are there in the split-mount digital MW

 What are the main specifications of antenna？

 What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver？

 Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

Passive • Parabolic reflectors

Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors

ACOS（Wct+φ） PSK and QAM