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Elastic
Non Elastic Elastic
Reversible Irreversibl
e
Sets by a physical Sets by a
reaction due to chemical reaction.
temperature
changes
Plaster
Compound
Non-elastic
Waxes
ZnO - Eugenol
Impression
Materials
Agar
Aqueous ((reversible
Hydrocolloids
(Alginate (irreversible
Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
less than 6% at
37°C.
coefficients.
temperature
(0.3%-0.4%).
o Dimensional Changes: due to relief of
possible.
o No separating medium.
o Separation of model.
Uses:
Secondary impression or final wash in a
special tray.
Composition of powder:
1. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.(main
ingredient)
2. Potassium sulphate or nitrate:
Accelerator
3. Flavouring agent.
4. Colouring agents.
Reaction:
Chemical reaction: crystalization and
exothermic
CaSO4 ½ H2O + H2O → CaSO4.2H2O + heat
Dimensional changes:
Setting expansion can be reduced to + 0.06%
by presence of K2SO4.
Properties.
o Storage problems:
o kept in sealed containers.
Slide 9 of 33
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Accurate Patient may
reproduction of experience
fine details dry sensation
paste.
humidity:
Compound
Non-elastic
Waxes
ZnO - Eugenol
Impression
Materials
(Agar (reversible
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids (Alginate (irreversible
Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensati
Non-aqueous on
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
change.
cool to 43 C
Imbibition:
If the gel absorbs water
expansion or swelling.
Stresses:
Pressure on tray during gelation.
Use of iced H2O during initial stages
Syneresis
Imbibition
contract or expand by water loss or gain
H2O
H2O
60
Advantages and
Disadvantages of Agar
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Detail reproduction is very Can not be electroplated.
good. Thin sections of impression
Can record undercut areas tears easily.
correctly. Multiple models can not be
Distortion on removal is poured like elastomeric
prevented due to elastic impression materials.
recovery. Special armamentarium
Well tolerated by the (equipments) required.
patient. Gypsum hardener required.
Can be reused. Sterilization of impression
is difficult.
Uses
Sol gel by chemical reaction
Advantages:
Easy to manipulate.
Does not require
special equipment.
Relatively
inexpensive.
Comfortable for the
Composition:
Potassium alginate.(salt of alginic acid)
Calcium sulphate dihydrate.(reactor)
Potassium sulphate.(improves gypsum
surface)
Sodium phosphate: retarder.
Diatomaceous earth: filler.
Glycols: dustless.
Pigments.
Flavours.
Quaternary ammonium salts:
Reaction:
+ H2O
1. CaSO4.2H2O + Na3PO4 Ca3PO4 + 3Na2SO4
↓ strength.
• To prolong S.T: reduce temperature
of H2O *not below 18°C.
temperature of water should be
between 18-24°C.
• Better to choose the suitable type of
• Removal of the impression: one sudden pull-
single stroke.
As the material is Visco Elastic:
Mechanical properties are time dependant
and depends upon rate of load application.
• Rapid rate of removal: Tear Strength ↑↑ 4
times by sudden pull removal.
• Pouring impression: washing under running
tap H2O, to remove blood, saliva.
No: separating medium.
• Dimensional changes.
How to avoid dimensional changes
Alginate: mixed in
tray over agar.
Setting time: 4
minutes.
Advantages:
Compound
Non-elastic
Waxes
ZnO - Eugenol
Materials
Impression
Agar
Aqueous ((reversible
Hydrocolloids
(Alginate (irreversible
Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensati
Non-aqueous on
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
Uses:
Base Catalyst
• Polysulphide polymer • Lead
dioxide.
• Dibutylphthalate
• Sulphur
• Copper carbonate
Titanium carbonate
Or silica as filler materials.
(Polymer with terminal and pendant mercaptan groups (-SH
Byproduct H2O
Reaction: condensation polymerization
↑↑ in molecular weight
Paste → rubber.
Base: three consistencies
=
Pb S Pb S 3PbO + H O+
H 2
=
=
O O = Pb = O S
H O
S
So substituted by hydrated
Cu(OH)2
→ green mix
Silicone impression material
I- Condensation Silicone
Tin compound
Crosslinking reaction
Silicone impression material
→ bubbles on surface of
impression → voids in stone model.
∴ Manufacturers add finely divided Platinium
or palladium to absorb Hydrogen.
Consistencies: low medium high
No byproduct
Consistencies: *medium consistency + thinner
in a separate tube to ↓↓ viscosity.
Recently low and high viscosity.
Hydrophilic must not be stored in H2O or
humid atmosphere.
Very short working time 2.5 minutes
↑↑ by thinner
Stiff: difficult to remove from the patient’s
mouth and to separate from the cast.
Properties of elastomeric impression
materials
Setting time
Polysulphide: longest S.T 7-10 min.
↓ Condensation silicone 6-8 min.
↓ Addition silicone 6-8 min.
↓ Polyethers 3-4.5 min.
W.T and S.T
Decreases as viscosity increases from
low to high
W.T and S.T ↓↓ by ↑↑ in temperature and
Dimensional Changes on Setting
-0.15%
Polyethers -0.2%
Polysulphides -0.4%
-0.6%
Causes of dimensional
:changes
Continuation of the polymerization rxn
Thermal contraction
Volatile components
Elastic Recovery from Deformation:
Addition silicone: shows the best recovery
from deformation
↓ Condensation silicone.
↓ Polyethers
↓ Polysulfies shows greatest deformation
i.e., poorest recovery.
Visco elastic
Mechanical properties are time dependent,
higher rate of deformation → higher tear
strength (sudden pull).
Detail Reproduction:
Highest: polyethers.
Lowest: polysulfides