India: The earth is held up by 4 elephants that stand on the back of a

turtle. The turtle is balanced on top of a cobra. When the animals

move, the earth trembles and shakes
 is the sudden movement of the
Earth’s crust
 can be a slight or violent
shaking of the ground
 is caused by movement along
a fault
 fracture or break in the earth’s
crust where earthquakes are
most likely to occur repeatedly
 forms when rocks on the crust
are compressed or stretched
by plate movement
 FAULT LINE
any edge of the fault plane that shows
how much movement has taken place
 FAULT PLANE
 breaking
surface
underground
 where
movement
takes place
FAULT SCARP
 the best sign that a fault is in an area
 a part of the fault plane exposed above
the ground
 Rocks = are brittle; don’t bend
when they are compressed or
stretched; break along areas
where they are WEAK
* FAULT ZONES (if there are
many faults spread over a wide
area)
 Some fractures may be faults
that are just beginning to
form.
 FRACTURE = can ONLY be
considered a FAULT if evidence
of movement can be seen &
measured across the fault
 TYPES OF FAULT
 ACCORDING TO MOVEMENT
 Dip-slip
 Strike-slip
 Oblique-slip
 ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF
ACTIVITY
 Active
 Inactive
 Dip-slip faults
 is the type of fault
wherein there is a
movement or “slipping”
of rocks along the dip
DIP = angle between the
horizontal plane & the
planar surface when rocks
are stretched or
compressed along the
horizontal & then break
 Dip-slip faults
 Normal Fault
 Hanging wall moves
downward resulting to
a longer rock body
 Other Names: normal-
slip fault, tensional fault
or gravity fault
 e.g:., Sierra
Nevada/Owens Valley;
Basin & Range faults
 Dip-slip faults
 Reverse Fault
 formed when rocks
are compressed
 The hanging wall
moves up resulting
to a shorter rock
body.
 Dip-slip faults
 Reverse Fault
 called a thrust fault if
the dip of the fault
plane is small
 Other names: thrust
fault, reverse-slip fault
or compressional fault
 e.g: Rocky Mountains,
Himalayas
 Strike-slip faults
 Left lateral strike-slip
fault
 Right lateral strike-slip
fault
 Examples: San Andreas
Fault, California; Anatolian
Fault, Turkey
 Other names: transcurrent
fault, lateral fault, tear fault
or wrench fault
Transform fault
 A type of strike-slip
fault wherein the
relative horizontal slip
is accommodating the
movement between
two ocean ridges or
other tectonic
boundaries
 PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and
Seismology

= spearhead of active fault

studies in the Philippines, in
collaboration with local &
foreign scientists
 PHIVOLCS
= regularly updates its
list of active faults as
new data are gathered
& analyzed
 PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE
(PFZ)
= the MOST extensive fault
system & cuts through
the entire Philippine
archipelago
PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE
(PFZ)
= about 1 200 km long, & is
composed of many faults &
their branches that traverse
the Philippines through
Luzon, cutting across Bicol &
the Visayas, all the way to the
northern portion of Mindanao
 PHILIPPINE FAULT
ZONE (PFZ)
*On the average, it is
a left-lateral strike-
slip type & moves at
about 2 to 3
centimeters per year.
 Fault
generates
earthquake?
 Fault
generates
earthquake?
 MAIN IDEA:
When an earthquake
occurs strong enough for
us to feel it, we recognize
it as the shaking that
affects anyone &
anything that stands on
the ground.
 FOCUS
• the underground
point of origin of
an earthquake
• the point where
an earthquake
ruptures and the
rocks break
• also known as
the hypocenter
 FOCUS
• the point in the
rock’s zone of
weakness where
the breaking
starts & seismic
energy is
released
 the point on
the ground
directly above
the focus
 is where the
most violent
shaking of the
ground occurs
EPICENTER
SEISMIC WAVES
earthquake waves
waves of energy caused by the
sudden breaking of rock within
earth or an explosion
 PRIMARY WAVES (P WAVES)
◦fastest
◦can move through solid rocks
and fluids
◦Some animals can hear the p-
waves of an earthquake.
◦pushes and pulls rocks
 SECONDARY WAVES (S WAVES)
 second wave we feel during an
earthquake
 slower than p wave and can only travel
through solid rock and not through
liquids and gases
 moves rock particles up and down or
side to side
 TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 SURFACE WAVES (L WAVES)
 arrive at a point after p and s waves
 travel directly from the focus to the
epicenter
 move along the earth’s surface the
waves travel like the waves travel in
the ocean
How do seismic
waves reach the
surface of the
earth?
Type of Earthquake According
to Depth of Focus
TYPE OF FOCAL DEPTH
EARTHQUAKE FROM EARTH’S
SURFACE
SHALLOW-FOCUS Less than 70 km
INTERMEDIATE- 70 – 300 km
FOCUS
DEEP-FOCUS More than 300 km
How Strong
Earthquakes
Are?
INTENSITY
VS.
MAGNITUDE
 INTENSITY = tells us how much
certain area was shaken when
the earthquake reached an area
 MAGNITUDE = describes the
total amount of energy that
was released by the earthquake
at the focus
* PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)
 HOW ARE
EARTHQUAKES
RECORDED?
* ROSSI-FOREL SCALE
= developed between 1879 & 1883
by MICHELE STEFANO CONTE DE
ROSSI of Italy & FRANCOIS-
ALPHONSE FOREL of Switzerland
* RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
= a more mathematical way of
comparing the strength of
earthquakes
= devised by Charles Richter in 1935
( American seismologist & physicist)
= describes the total amount of
energy that is released by an
earthquake
* MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE
= developed by Thomas C. Hanks & Hiroo
Kanamori (Caltech
seismologists)
= uses a different formula than
Richter’s scale
= considers the area of the fault where
the rupture occurred & the amount of
movement of the rocks bordering the
fault
* MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE
= more effective than the Richter’s scale, t
in measuring the magnitude of the
medium-to-large-scale earthquakes;
though for smaller earthquakes, the
Richter’s scale is better
• Both uses the SAME description of
magnitude values.
1. It refers to the point
where an earthquake
start to rupture and the
rocks break.
2. This is the other
name of focus.
3. If there are many
faults spread over a
wide area.
4. It refers to a part of
the fault plane exposed
above the ground.
5. These are waves of
energy caused by the
sudden breaking of rock
within earth or an
explosion.
6. This is a type of a
seismic wave that moves
rock particles up and
down or side to side.
7. It is the fastest type
of seismic wave.
8. It is a type of seismic
wave that travels
directly from the focus
to the epicenter.
9. These are the 3 types
of earthquake.
10. This is the study of
earthquake.
11. He/she is the person
who studies
earthquakes.
12. This is a kind of
energy that is released
at the focus.
13. This is an instrument
that records earthquakes
electronically using a
sensor.
14. P-waves can be felt
by humans.
15. Animals can
“predict” earthquakes.
* A fault is a break or fracture in
the Earth’s crust where
earthquakes usually occur.
* Have you encountered or caused
a “break” to anyone? What was
this?
* What impact did it have in your
life and other people involved?
Remember:
Once you had put the pieces back
together, even though you may look
intact, you were never quite the same as
you’d been before the fall.
(Jodi Picoult)
Relationships are like glass.
Sometimes it’s better to leave them
broken than try to hurt yourself by putting
* How does one prepare for an
earthquake?
* Preparedness is everyone’s
responsibility!
 ASSIGNMENT
A. Research through the internet at least three (3)
PROOFS that animals can “predict”
earthquakes.
B. Bring your needed materials such as I-pad,
video camera, etc. for your Performance Task
which is an 8-minute to 10-minute Video
Campaign about Earthquake (Disaster)
Preparedness next meeting. Please prepare
your needed props and costumes, too.