SC F2 CH5

Bab 5: Air dan Larutan
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.1
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
3
Water: The molecule that supports
life on this planet!
• Most cells are surrounded

by water, and cells
themselves are about 70–
95% water
• The abundance of water is
the main reason the Earth
is habitable
4
The Physical Properties of Water
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless
liquid
Water exists in three states, which are solid,

liquid and gas
Water can change from one state to another
The density of water is 1 g/cm3
Impurities in water can affect

freezing and boiling point 4
Odourless,
colourless,
tasteless liquid
at room
temperature Exist in 3 state
High surface
of matter :
tension
solid, liquid
and gas
Physical
characteristic
s of water
Density: 1g
Freezing
per cm3 at
point: 0°C
4°C
Boiling point:
100°C
Surface tension and Cohesion
 Cohesion
 water molecules stick
together
 This forms a tight layer
on the surface.
 This layer is resistant to
being broken apart, and
is called surface tension.
 Surface tension measures

the strength of water
molecules attracting to one
another.
 Due to hydrogen bonding.
Cohesion
Cohesion is the property of water that causes it to be
attracted to itself.
http://www.realeyz.com/photo/macro/photos/leaf_drops.jpg
Importance of Surface Tension
 Some insects can walk on water

 Formation water drops and waves
Surface tension is caused by the

Water droplets form because the cohesive
cohesive hydrogen bonding
forces are trying to pull the water into the
resisting an object trying to
smallest possible volume, a sphere.
penetrate the surface.
The cohesive nature of nature gives it surface
tension. The surface tension in turn allows organisms
such as pond skaters to move across the surface. For
pond skaters the surface of water is their habitat. The
surface tension transmits vibrations from fallen
invertebrates - this allows pond skaters to detect and
locate their prey.
Capillary Action and Adhesion
 Adhesion is the attraction of
water molecules to stick to other
substances,
 is also a result of its hydrogen
bonds.
 This property allows water to
move up or flow in tubes, such
as a plant’s xylem and phloem,
or a human’s blood vessels).
 This is called capillary action
and is important for many life
processes.
Did you ever wonder: How does water
move from roots to leaves when a tree
doesn’t have a heart to pump the
water?
Cohesion-Adhesion
Theory
-As water evaporates from leaves,
it tugs on the water molecules
below
-Cohesion and adhesion pull water
up and replace missing water
molecules
-Water enters the roots by osmosis
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../BioBookPLANTHORM.html
The changes in the state of matter
LIQUID
Melting Boiling
Freezing
Condensation
Gas
SOLID
Sublimation
Sublimation
6
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Kinetic theory of freezing point of water
8
The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
9
10
Kinetic theory of boiling point of water
11
5.2
Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)
Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

through the process of electrolysis.
13
Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)
Confirmation test of water composition
Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.
Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

sound is produced when hydrogen is present
15
5.2
Procedure :
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram (a)
2. Record the freezing point of water
3. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram (b)
4. Record the boiling point of distilled water
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by adding a spatula of common
salt to the distilled water in each activity.
Result :
Substance Freezing point (0C) Boiling point (0C)
Distilled water
0 100
Distilled water + -1 or
common salt 101 or higher
lower
Effect Of Impurities On The Physical
Characteristics Of Water
Freezing point decreases.
Boiling point increases.
Density increases.
Heat conductivity increases.
Taste, odour, colour change.

5.2
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.2
Evaporation of water
• Water evaporation is a process that happens at the

surface of water that changes water to water vapour.
17
Application of evaporation of water
in daily life

Application Explanation
Hair dryer Hair dryer that blows hot air

increases the temperature, thus
increasing evaporation of water
36
FuiLin@SMK DC
in daily life

drying Clothes hung on clothes line have

clothes large exposed surface areas. So,
the clothes will dry faster
37
FuiLin@SMK DC
in daily life

Drying food Food that is dried can be kept

longer as microorganisms cannot
survive without water
38
FuiLin@SMK DC
in daily life

Production of Sea salt is obtained from the

sea water evaporation of seawater
39
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.4
Solutions and Solubility of

Substances
Solvent, solute and solution
Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)
to form
Solution:
A mixture of one or more solutes that
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com dissolved in solvent 23
Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution
The solubility of solutes
The solubility is the number of gram of solute that can dissolve
in 100 ml of water at a specific temperature, to form a saturated
solution.
For example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water is 90 g per

100 ml of water at 50 oC. This means that 90 g of potassium nitrate
salt are dissolved in 100 ml of water at a temperature of 50 oC to
form a saturated solution of potassium nitrate.
The solubility of solutes
The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances
Factor Description
Temperature Thehigherthetemperature,thefaster
ofsolvent thesolutecandissolveinthesolvent
Sizeofthe Thesmallerthesizeofthesolute,the
solutes fasteritcandissolveinthesolvent
Stirring Solutesdissolvemoreeasilyifstirred
Volumeof Solutesdissolvemoreeasilyina
solvent biggervolumeofsolvent
Water as a solvent
Water is known as universal solvent because water
can dissolve many types of substances.
The importance of water as a universal solvent.
i. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be

transfer to body cells.
ii. Most chemical reactions in humans body need water
as a solvent.
iii. Dissolve carbon dioxide and oxygen for aquatic
organisms.
iv. Dissolves mineral salts and this enables the roots of
plants to absorb.
Suspension
• The suspended substances is a substance that

do not dissolve in water.
• When a suspended substances is added into a
solvent, it forms a suspension
• A suspension can be separated by filtration.
Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol
Organic solvent
Organic Substancesthat
solvent canbedissolves Uses
Ether Oils,fats,grease tomakecosmeticssuchas

lipstickandnailpolish
Turpentine Grease,paint,tar todilutepainttomakeit

easiertouse
Chloroform Plastic tostickplastic

substances
Benzene Rubber,grease tostickrubbersheets
5.5
Acid and Alkali
Acid and alkaline
in the
Acid and alkali will show their properties
presence of water
In the presence of water
a) acid will change the colour of

litmus paper from blue to red
b)alkali will change the colour of

litmus paper from red to blue
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Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
Acid are chemical substances that contain

hydrogen atom.
Weak acids usually found in food.

Examples are lactic acid, tannic acid,
acetic acid, formic acid .
Sources of acids
The properties of acid
1. Taste sour
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value smaller than 7.
4. Change the colour of litmus paper from
blue to red
5. React with carbonates to form salt and
water and release carbon dioxide
The properties of acid
6. React with reactive metal
(magnesium/aluminium) to form salt and
release hydrogen
7. React with alkali to form salt and water
(neutralisation process).
Alkaline
• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.
• Examples of alkali:
The properties of alkali
1. Taste bitter
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value greater than 7
4. Feel slippery like soap when touched
5. Change the colour of litmus paper from
red to blue
The properties of alkali
6. React with ammonium salts to give off ammonia gas
when heated.
Examples:
sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride
sodium chloride + water + ammonia gas
7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

process)
pH values
Click here to watch video
Neutralisation
• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in
which an acid and an alkali react to form
salt and water.
acid + alkali salt + water
Titration
• Titration is a method used for
neutralisation.
• At the neutralisation point, all the acid
completely reacts with the alkali and the
solution has a pH value of 7
5.6
Methods of Purifying of Water
Natural source of water
• Natural water contains impurities and
needs to be treated before it is safe for
drinking.
• Example of natural source of water :
rivers, well, rain , pond, sea, lake, stream..
Methods of water purification
1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. Filtration
4. Distillation
Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism
• Disadvantages
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles
• Disadvantages
microorganisms still
exists in water
Distillation
• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities
• Disadvantages http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 50
Does not contain minerals which our bodies need.
Distillation
The application of water purification
methods in our daily life
(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking
(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house
(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines
(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms
5.7 Water Supply System
Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water
• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home.
• There are several ways to save water

(a) Make use of recycled water
(b) Beware of pipe leakage
(c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use
(d) Do not turn on the tap full
(e) Wash cloths in big quantities
5.8
Preserving Water Quality
Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.
Domestic waste
• Effect of water pollutants

Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as
cholera.
• Ways to control water pollution

i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way
ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic materials
Agricultural waste

Poison the aquatic organisms and affect human’s health
when eaten.

Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
Industrial waste

Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy
body cells and causes skin cancer

Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from
letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
Oil spills

Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman .

Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which
found to pollute the sea
Waste water today
- Live in a desert tomorrow.

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Bab 5: Air dan Larutan

• Most cells are surrounded

Water exists in three states, which are solid,

Water can change from one state to another

The density of water is 1 g/cm3

Impurities in water can affect

 Surface tension measures

 Some insects can walk on water

Surface tension is caused by the

Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

Substance Freezing point (0C) Boiling point (0C)

Freezing point decreases.

Boiling point increases.

Heat conductivity increases.

Taste, odour, colour change.

• Water evaporation is a process that happens at the

Bab 5: Air dan Larutan

Hair dryer Hair dryer that blows hot air

Bab 5: Air dan Larutan

drying Clothes hung on clothes line have

Bab 5: Air dan Larutan

Drying food Food that is dried can be kept

Bab 5: Air dan Larutan

Production of Sea salt is obtained from the

Solutions and Solubility of

For example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water is 90 g per

i. Dissolve oxygen and food so that these can be

• The suspended substances is a substance that

Ether Oils,fats,grease tomakecosmeticssuchas

Turpentine Grease,paint,tar todilutepainttomakeit

Chloroform Plastic tostickplastic

Benzene Rubber,grease tostickrubbersheets

Acid and Alkali

In the presence of water

a) acid will change the colour of

b)alkali will change the colour of

Acid are chemical substances that contain

Weak acids usually found in food.

• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

Methods of Purifying of Water

• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

• There are several ways to save water

Preserving Water Quality

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

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