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THE FLUIDS

 3 phases/states of matter : solid, liquid and gas.


 Solid : maintain shape
 Liquid: does not maintain a fixed shape but takes shape of
container
 Gas : no fixed shape nor volume. it will expand to fill the container

 What is a fluid?

 How does it differs from solids?


 Lets look at the different properties of ice cube . Ice cube is solid
 Solids have certain mass and shape
 But ice cube can melts and also boils, so can change to water and
water vapor
 So what is fluid?
 Fluids are materials that can flow and have no definite shape of its
own, So both liquid and gas are fluids

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Density (Ketumpatan)
 In rigid bodies, we discuss more on
wooden blocks, Newton’s Laws, force,
mass etc.
 With fluids we are more interested in
properties that can vary from point to
point in that substance.
 Density, ρ = m / v (scalar quantity)
 Units, kg/m3

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Density (Ketumpatan)
Examples of some densities:
Materials or Objects Density , kg/m3
Interstellar space 10-20
Styrofoam 1 X 102
Ice 0.917 X 103
Water 1.00 X 103
Sea water 1.024 X 103
Iron 7.9 X 103
Mercury (raksa) 13.6 X 103
Earth Core 9.5 X 103
Earth Crust 2.8 X 103
Sun Core 1.6 X 105
White Dwarf Star 1 X 1010
Neutron Star 1 x 1018 3
Atmospheric pressure
 The pressure of earths atmosphere as in
any fluid changes with depth.
 At sea level on average the pressure is
1.013 X 100000 N/m2 = 1 atm =
101.3kPa
 Another unit of pressure is bar (in
meteorology and weather) defines as
 1 bar = 1.00 X 100000 N/m2

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Pressure (Tekanan)
• Pressure is the quantity that is related to the force acting on the walls
of the balloon and is defined as the normal force per unit area.
• Pressure P = F/A, Unit Pascal
o eg. Center of earth, center of sun, sea floor, tire, atmosphere pressure-
(elevator, steep mountain road, airplane), blood pressure, air pressure at
Everest, atmospheric pressure on mars, vacuum cleaner
o When force is applied to surface, there is pressure . According to kinetic-
molecular theory of gases, when particles hit the surface, they rebound
without losing K.E. These forces exerted by the collisions in gas
pressure on the surface
o When we swim, we feel pressure as we swim deeper
o The pressure due to liquid at the depth h is the weight of column of liquid
abobe it. Thus,
o Pressure of water on a body P = F/A =mg/A=ρVg/A=ρAhg/A
= ρhg (density X height X gravity)
Find the pressure due to water at 100m.
P = 1000 kg/m3 (9.8 m/s2) (100m) = 9.8 X100000 N/m2 or 9.7 atm.
Hence total pressure = 9.7 +1.0 (sea level) = 10.7 atm

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Pascal Principle
o Pascal Principle: For a confined fluid in a
container, the change in pressure will be
transmitted without loss to every point of
the liquid and to the walls of the
container
o Example of usage : toothpaste, brake
pedal, hydraulic lift.
o Just play with the formula a little…..
o P1 = P2
o Pout = Pin

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Pressure (Tekanan)
o When we swim, we feel pressure as we
swim deeper
o Pressure of water on a body P = F/A
= ρhAg/A
= ρhg (density X
height X gravity)

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Buoyant force
 A student swimming in a pool manipulating a
plastic sack that is filled with water. She finds that
the sack and its contained water are in static
equilibrium. What does this infer?
 The downward gravitational force Fg on the
contained water must be balanced by an upward
force from the water surrounding the sack.
 This upward force is the Buoyant Force Fb
 Now, what happens when the sack is filled with
stone?
 What happens when the sack is filled with wood?

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Buoyant force
 a) density
 An object will float in a fluid if it is less dense than the
fluid. That means that to float an object must have a
density (mass divided by volume) less than the density of
the fluid. If the object's density is greater than that of the
fluid, it will sink.
 Eg. Helium or hot air balloons fly because their average
density is less than the density of the air around them
 Eg oil and water
 Iron nail sink but cork floats
 If you swim in the ocean, you float more easily in salt
water than in fresh water. That is because salt water is
more dense than fresh water.
 Fat people with a higher percentage of body fat float
more easily than lean or muscular people who have little
body fat
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Buoyant force
 b) volume of object
 F (bouyancy) = ρ g V , so if others remain
constant, and volume is increased , F (buo) will
also increase.
 F (bouyancy) = ρ Vg = mfg
where mf is the mass of the fluid that is
displaced by the body

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 Archimedes Principle states that : “THE
BOUYANT FORCE ON AN OBJECT
IMMERSED IN A FLUID IS EQUAL TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE FLUID DISPLACED BY
THAT OBJECT.
 What t does this mean?????

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Archimedes’ Principle
 Archimedes’ Principle states that when a body is fully or
partially submerged in a fluid, a buoyant force Fb from the
surrounding fluids act on the body. The force is directed upward
and has the magnitude equal to the weight mfg of the fluid that
has been displaced by the body.
 The buoyant force on a body in a fluid has a magnitude
Fb = m f g
where mf is the mass of the fluid that is displaced by the body
So, Fb = mfg = ρvg

 Thus, an object immersed either totally or partially in a fluid, has


an upward force (upthrust) acting on it equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.
 The upthrust does not depend on the weight of the object, only
on the weight of the displaced fluid.

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Archimedes’ Principle
 Why ships floats? We know that when an iron
nail is placed on the surface of water it sinks
whereas ship made up of iron floats. This is
because size or volume of the ship is more
and it displaces water more than its weight

 The hull of a ship is designed to displace or


move a quantity of water whose weight is
greater than that of the vessel itself.
 The weight of the displaced water—that is, its
mass multiplied by the downward acceleration
caused by gravity—is equal to the buoyant
force that the ocean exerts on the ship.
 If the ship weighs less than the water it
displaces, it will float; but if it weighs more, it
will sink.
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Apakah yang dimaksudkan??

'Buoyancy force = weight of object in empty space −


weight of object immersed in fluid'

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Bacaan mula 29.4 N MAKA, Ini bermakna daya
apungan = 9.8 N
Bacaan selepas diletakkan dlm ADAKAH OBJEK AKAN
air 19.6 N NOTE: Objek akan TENGGELAM ATAU
tenggelam sebab berat TERAPUNG?
Ini bermakna berat air yg (29.4N) lebih drp daya
disesarkan = 9.8 N apung (9.8N) 16
Tentukan daya apung dalam gambarajah
dibawah?

Jawapan: 0.27 N

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Daya apungan jasad di dalam bendalir mempunyai magnitud :
Fb = mfg
dimana mf ialah jisim bendalir yang disesarkan
Jadi Fb = mfg = ρvg

Thus, an object immersed either totally or


partially in a fluid, has an upward force
(upthrust) acting on it equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the object.
Daya apung TIDAK bergantung kepada berat
objek TETAPI hanya bergantung kepada
berat air yang disesarkan.
Kerana apa?? Kerana berat air yang
disesarkan itu sama dgn daya apungan objek
Whatever the shape of the submerged body,
the buoyant force is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced. 18
Suppose you had equal sized balls of kabus, aluminium dan
plumbum with mass of 2, 27, and 113 gm respectively. The
volume of each is 10 cubic centimeters.

Apa akan terjadi bila ketiga objek diletak dlm air??


Each object will displaced 10 gram water : meaning they have the
SAME bouyant force……
Tetapi adakah ketiga objek akan berkeadaan yang sama??
Kabus akan timbul, aluminium akan tenggelam, dan plumbum akan
tengelam more rapidly walaupun ketiga mempunyai daya apung yang
sama
If they have equal bouyancy force, then why one floats and the other
two sink?
One floats and the other two sink because of the difference between
bouyancy force and weight. 19
A nugget of gold with a mass of 521g is added to a 50.mil of
water. The water level rises to a volume of 77.0 ml. What is
the density of gold??

JAW: Since the water volume increased 27 ml, the volume of


your nugget is 27 ml
So 521g / 27 ml = 19.296, or 19.3 with 3 significant figures.

OR 19.30 kg / liter

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 Archimedes telah diberi satu
tanggungjawab untuk menentukan
samada mahkota raja adalah tulen atau
tidak kandungan emasnya.
 Bagaimana beliau membuktikan
ketulenan mahkota diperbuat drp emas
shj dan tiada campuran logam lain??
 Bagaimanakah penemuan Eureka
Archimedes dalam menentukan samada
emas adalah tulen??

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 Archimedes discovered the answer while at a public bath.
He noticed that when he got into the water, it overflowed
the tub.
 By measuring the overflow, he found that the volume-the
amount of space a thing occupies-of the spilled water was
equal to the volume of his body under water.
 He realized he could determine the gold content of the
crown by measuring the water it would displace against
the amount of water displaced by a lump of gold weighing
the same as the crown.
 The crown and lump of gold would each displace the
same amount of water if the crown were solid gold. If the
crown contained silver, it would displace more water, WHY
 Since the volume of a weight of silver is greater than the
volume of the same weight of gold.

NOTE: ketumpatan perak = 10.49 g/cm3 dan emas = 19.3 g/cm3 22


Lets try do some fiddling of the density
formula to try to understand
 We know that density, ρ = m / v
 Lets say density metal A = 10
 density metal B = 50
 If both have the same mass say 1 kg
what will be the respective volume?

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Which is NOT pure gold?

JAW: B
Kenapa??

If the crown contained


silver, it would displace
A ATAU B more water, since the
volume of a weight of
silver is greater than the
SO BASICALLY, LESS DENSE MATERIAL volume of the same
WILL DISPLACE MORE WATER weight of gold.
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Cadangkan eksperimen untuk membuktikan
dapatan eureka Archimedes? Terangkan
bagaimana ia berfungsi??

JAW: Lihat kepada


isipadu air yang
disesar. Yang tidak
tulen akan sesar air
lebih

JAW: Yang tidak


tulen akan lebih
daya apung.
Kenapa???

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Try this
 An unknown metal has a weight of
142.0N. The object is suspended from a
scale and hung so that it is completely
submerged in water (but not touching
the bottom). The scale reads 129.4N.
Determine whether the unknown metal
is gold. (Given the density of gold is
19300 kg/m3).

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answer
 We can use the ratio of densities called
specific densities (SG).
 SG = ρobject / ρwater = Wobject / Wwater
 = 142/(142-129.4)
 = 11.26
 The density of the unknown metal is
11.26 X 1000 kg/m3 = 11260 kg/m3.
Thus the unknown metal is NOT gold.

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How can you make a plasticine floats on
water?

Plasticine

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How does submarine works?

Ia timbul dan
tenggelam dengan
memasukkan dan
mengeluearkan air
dari tangki ballast
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Archimedes’ Principle
 Kenapakah kapal yang diperbuat dari besi boleh timbul???
 We know that when an iron nail is placed on the surface of
water it sinks whereas ship made up of iron floats. This is
because size or volume of the ship is more and it displaces
water more than its weight
 Reka kapal dibina supaya ia dapat menyesarkan air
supaya berat air yang disesar adalah lebih besar dari
berat kapal itu sendiri.
 Jika berat kapal adalah kurang dari berat air yang
disesarkan maka kapal akan timbul…. Dan Jika berat
kapal adalah lebih dari berat air yang disesarkan maka
kapal akan tenggelam.
 The weight of the displaced water—that is, its mass
multiplied by the downward acceleration caused by gravity—
is equal to the buoyant force that the ocean exerts on the
ship. 31
Satu lagi ciptaan Archimedes

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Bernoulli Principle
 Bernoulli Principle states that as velocity of a
fluids increases, the pressure exerted by the
fluids decreases.
 If the speed of a fluid element increases as
the element travels, the pressure of the fluid
must decrease and conversely.
 Eg: blowing across a piece of paper, blowing
between two sheets of paper, lift in aerofoils,
cars spoilers

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Bernoulli Equation
P1 + ½ρv1² + ρgy1 = P2 + ½ρv2² + ρgy2
Where P = pressure, v = volume and
y=height of the center of the tube above
some arbitrary level

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Can also be written as : P + ½ρv² + ρgy

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Bernoulli Principle
According to Bernoulli's principle, the greater the
velocity of flow in a fluid, the greater the dynamic
pressure and the lesser the static pressure: in other
words, slower-moving fluid exerts greater pressure than
faster-moving fluid. The discovery of this principle
ultimately made possible the development of the
airplane.

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Prinsip Bernoulli
The discovery of this principle ultimately made
possible the development of the airplane.

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Bernoulli Principle
Bernoulli's principle works
on the idea that as a wing
passes through the air, its
shape make the air travel
more over the top of the
wing than beneath it . This
creates a higher pressure
beneath the wing than
above it. The pressure
difference cause the wing
to experience an upwards
push and lift is created.

Lift is produced by an airfoil


through a combination of
decreased pressure above
the airfoil and increased
pressure beneath
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Are all the
forces in
equilibrium?

If its in equilibrium
them how does it
moves?

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Other examples
 blowing between two sheets of paper
 lift in aerofoils
 cars spoilers
 Baju penunggang motosikal
 Kapal layar
 Underground animals burrows
 Baseball , volleyball, tennis curve, ping pong
balls.

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Prinsip Bernoulli : contoh harian

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Prinsip Bernoulli : contoh harian

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