UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

1. Power Fundamentals
2. Power Problems.
* Types of Power Problem.
* Solutions/Protection.
1. Types Of UPS systems.
2. UPS tech. Specs Fundamentals.
1) Power Factor
2) Crest Factor
3) Voltage Regulation
4) a) Line Interactive specs.
b) On Line specs.
1. Battery.
2. Power Drawn by Computer.
3. Comparison Of Line Interactive & On-Line UPS systems.
 INDEX:
• POWER FUNDAMENTALS
• POWER PROBLEMS (a)
TYPES (b)
PROTECTION
• UPS SYSTEMS
DATEX • TYPES OF UPS
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
LINE INTERACTIVE AND
ON LINE UPS
• TECHNICAL TERMS
ASSOCIATED WITH UPS
• BATTERIES
POWER FUNDAMENTALS
• VOLTAGE
• CURRENT
• RESISTANCE
• DC VOLTAGE
• AC VOLTAGE
• POWER
• FREQUENCY
• WAVEFORM
• TRANSFORMER
• Voltage : is the source of power that makes
the currentPower
flow and helps the electrical
Fundamentals
appliances to perform their functions.

• Symbol: V Measured in:

Volts. In our household
we get : 220volts
V O L T A G E

V o lt a g e is t h e e le c t r ic a l fo r c e th a t m o v e s
e le c t r o n s th ro u g h a c o n d u c t o r . V o lt a g e is
e le c t r ic a l p r e s s u r e a ls o k n o w n a s E M F ( E le c t r o
M o t iv e F o r c e ) t h a t p u s h e s e le c t r o n s .
T h e g r e a t e r t h e d iffe r e n c e in e le c t r ic a l p o t e n t ia l
p u s h ( d iffe r e n c e b e t w e e n p o s it iv e a n d n e g a t iv e ) ,
t h e g r e a t e r t h e v o lt a g e fo r c e p o t e n t ia l.
MEASUREMENT

A VOLTMETER measures the voltage

potential across or parallel to the circuit.The
Voltmeter measures the amount of electrical
pressure difference between two points
being measured.Voltage can exist between
two points without electron flow.
 CURRENT (AMPERES)

CURRENT is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a

point within one second. Current flow is also known as
amperage, or amps for short. It is similar to flow of water in a
pipe.
Higher voltage will produce higher current flow, and lower
voltage will produce lower current flow. Just like higher pressure
makes more water flow, and less pressure means less water
flow.
MEASUREMENT Of Current

An AMMETER measures the quantity of current flow.

Ammeters are placed in series (inline) to count the
electrons passing through it.
Example:
Example A water meter counts the gallons of water
flowing through it.
 Power Fundamentals

• Current : It refers to flow of electric

charge.Current has been the result of motion
of electrons or ions under the influence of an
e.m.f. or we can simply say it is a flow of
electrically charged electrons.

• Symbol: I
Measured in : Amperes (A).
 Electrical Fundamentals
Units of measurement of Current

Current flow is measured in units called

Amperes or AMPS.

Amperage measurements can use different value

prefixes, such as micro-amp, milli-amp, and Amp.

AMPERAGE Symbol µA mA A
Pronounced Microamp milliamp Amp
Multiplier 0.000001 0.001 1
 RESISTANCE

Resistance is the force that reduces or stops the flow of

electrons. It opposes voltage.

Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons and

lower resistance will allow more electrons to flow.

Therefore a Load with less resistance will cause more current to flow
through it. That is why a short circuit in an electrical line causes infinite
amount of current to flow, as there is zero resistance.This causes heating
and eventually burning of the wire.
MEASUREMENT

An OHMMETER measures the resistance of an electrical

circuit or component. No voltage can be applied while the
ohmmeter is connected, or damage to the meter will
occur.
Example: Water flows through a garden hose, and
someone steps on the hose. The greater the pressure
placed on the hose, the greater the hose restriction and
the less water flows.
 RESISTANCE FACTORS

Various factors can affect the resistance. These

include:
LENGTH of the conductor. The longer the conductor,
the higher the resistance.
DIAMETER of the conductor. The narrower the
conductor, the higher the resistance.
TEMPERATURE of the material. Depending on the
material, most will increase resistance as
temperature increases.
PHYSICAL CONDITION (DAMAGE) to the material.
Any damage will increase resistance.
TYPE of MATERIAL used. Various materials have a
wide range of resistances.
 DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

Electricity with electrons flowing in only

one direction is called Direct Current or
DC.
DC electrical systems are used in cars.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Electricity with electrons flowing back and forth, negative

- positive- negative, is called Alternating Current, or AC.
The electrical appliances in your home use AC power.
 Power Fundamentals
• Power :It may be defined as the rate of energy
transfer (or work done) by or to a system.In an
electrical system power has been given by V I,
where V is the potential difference across a
conductor and I the current through it.
• Symbol : P Measured
in : Watts(it is the energy transfer in joules per
second).
Power ( P ) = Volts X Amp. ( VA)

Another unit for power is Watts.

What is the relation between VA and

watts ?

There are two types of electrical loads

1. Purely resitive

2. Inductive or Capacitive collectively

called reactive loads.
 In purely resistive loads

VA = Watts or VA is same as watts.

Examples of purely resistive loads are

Electric Bulbs, heaters, toasters etc.

What it means is that the load is consuming

and converting all electrical energy into
heat and/or light energy.
 There are other types of loads which behave in a different
manner, when a voltage is applied to them a current flows
through them but they do not consume all the current passing
through. Examples of such loads are
Motors like in Fans, Air conditioners, transformers,
elevators etc.

Some amount of current keeps flowing in the system without

being consumed. In this case
Watts  VA
and VA > watts
The ratio of VA to Watts in such types of loads is
called Power factor.
factor
Ø = watts / VA
A.C. Voltage as it comes in our households

One Cycle
Frequency (f ) = 1/ T
Peak Voltage = 320 V
R.M.S. Voltage = 220 V
Average Voltage = 207 V

T = 20 msec,
f = 1/20 m sec = 50 Hz

T
Sine Wave Form
The common voltage which comes in our households is known as
Sine Wave.

As is clear from the diag. This voltage keeps alternating between

positive and negative.

It starts from Zero, continuously increases to reach a peak of

about 320 Volts, then starts decreasing to zero again and
continues the reducing trend to reach a negative peak of -320 V.
It then again starts increasing to Zero Volts. This is one complete
cycle, which is then repeated again and again.

Time taken to complete one cycle is 20 milisecond.

And it traverses 50 cycles in one second. This is known as
frequency.
The peak AC voltage is 320 Volts , and RMS voltage is 220 Volts.
 Transformer
• A device which is used for changing the voltage of an
alternating supply. Transformers are not having moving
parts and operate by the current in one coil, the Primary
winding, electromagnetically inducing a current in
another , the Secondary winding,which forms part of a
separate electrical circuit.The ratio of the voltages in the
primary and secondary circuits, V1/V2 has been approx.
equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the primary
and secondary coils .
• STEP UP transformers are used to increase voltage and
reduce the current of the output from power stations so
that losses in transmisssion lines are minimised.The
voltage gets reduced in stages by STEP DOWN
transformers nearer the user.
 Types Of Transformer

T r a n s fo r m e r

I s o la t e d A u t o m o t iv e

S te p U p S te p D o w n S te p U p S te p D o w n
•What are power problems ?

•How do they affect working of computers ?

•What are the ways to cure them ?

 Black Out
 Brown Outs- (dips)
 Spikes
 Sags
 Surges
 Line noise
 Continuous Low and High Voltages
 BLACK OUTS
* Implies total power failure

Cause : Excessive demand on the power grid, snapping of

power cables, load shedding by electricity supply
boards.

Effects :
* Loss of data stored on the hard drives due to sudden switching
off of the computer systems.

* Loss of work due to non functioning of Computers.

* Frequent corruption in Operating system and application soft-

wares which need to be loaded again and again. Resulting in loss
of Many Man hours and delays in meeting deadlines.
 BROWN OUTS/ DIPS
* Implies a significant drop in voltage .

* Cause :(i) Start up power demands of many electrical devices

(Like motors, compressors, elevators etc).

(ii)Electric utilities lowering voltage levels to cope with

extra ordinary power demands which are in excess of the
generating capacity.

* Effects : Possibilities of frozen keyboards and unexpected system

crashes. Resulting in Hanged motherboards.
 SURGES

* Implies a short term increase in voltage typically lasting

1/120th of a second.

*Cause : High powered electrical motors in air conditioners,

house hold appliances etc. when switched off, causes
extra voltage to be dissipated through the power line.

*Effects: Delicate components can get stressed and this can cause
system failure.
 PCs
A/C TUBE-
MOTOR
LITE
Elevator FANS
 SPIKES
* Implies an instantaneous increase in voltage of a very high
orders.

* Cause :Typically caused by a nearby lightning strike or by

power lines being broken in a storm etc.

* Effect : Catastrophic damage to hardware. Loss of data`

Upto 2000
 Electric
Electricwhat
what
GENERATION
OF ELECTRIC
LIGHTNING

Transmission
Line

CONSUMER
 LINE NOISE

* Implies Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) & Radio Frequency

Interference (RFI) in the line.

* Cause : Electrical noise is caused by lightning, load switching,

generators, radio transmitters & industrial equipment.

* Effect : Noise introduces glitches & errors into executable

programs and data files.
Types of Protection
-Stabilizers
- Servo Stabilizers
- Spikebusters
- CVTs
- UPS Systems
 SERVO STABILIZERS

* Maintains a stable output in the presence of an erratic

fluctuating input but has a slow response.

* It is not so suitable as the only protection device for computers

because of their slow response and they are useless during a
power failure.
 STABILIZERS

*It is a machine which gives stabilize /regulated

output for a particular input range.Operation is
achieved by the help of auto transformer and
electromechanical relays.
 SPIKEBUSTERS

* It reduce the severity of voltage spikes on the mains line.

* But they can neither provide a regulated output nor provide

power in the event of a power failure.
 CVTs
* It produce a very stable out-put voltage.

* It can remove voltage sags & surges from the mains voltage quite
effectively.

* But CVTs are expensive and noisy.

* They are useless in the event of a power failure.

 UPS SYSTEMS

* Protect the computer & other power sensitive equipments incase

of power failure.

* Ensures a regulated stable output and additional filtering during

spikes and surges.
 Off-line
On-line
Line-Interactive UPS
• Off-Line DATEX UPS
systems have a battery
power conversion circuit Off-Line
with a switch that senses
power irregularities and AC
Input
automatically switches to AC
battery. Output

• The main drawbacks of

offline UPSs are that they
AC DC
offer only limited regulation
and have a comparatively
larger switchover time.
AC DC

Charger Battery
• In Datex Online UPS system, On-Line
even in the presence of
mains, the computer is
always powered by the
battery/inverter circuit.
By Pass Switch
• Another charger circuit keeps
charging the battery.
• There’s no switchover AC
AC DC
AC AC
involved. Input DC Output

• Online are more complex,

bulkier and more expensive
but offer a better Voltage
regulation and pure sine
wave output. Battery
• Similar to the offline units, Line Interactive
Datex UPSs also switch to
battery whenever input voltage AC
Input
hits predetermined levels.
• Line-interactive models provide
voltage regulation features and AC Buck/ AC
have lesser switchover time and DC Boost Output
better performance than the Regulator
offline models.
• They provide better protection Discharge Charge
against spikes and switching
transients.
 Battery
 ON LINE UPS REMARKS

FEATURES LINE INTERACTIVE

UPS

COST ECONOMICAL EXPENSIVE LI is more economical as

compared to Online ups.

VOLTAGE ADEQUATE EXCELLENT Online’s voltage regulation is

REGULATION much superior than LI.
(220 10%) (220 2%)

TRANSIENT O.K EXCELLENT LI takes typically 20 to 50 ms to

RESPONSE correct a voltage and also some
amount of transition always
passed on the load. But online
UPS output is completely isolated
from input hence, no transient is
carried to the load.

WAVE FORM QUASI SINEWAVE PURE SINEWAVE There are some voltage sensitive
(MOSTLY) devices which require pure sine
wave which can be only provided
by online ups.

TRANSFER TIME 5 –10 Millisecond ZERO Online ups provides purely

uninterrupted and regulated
supply to the load.

SERVICEABILITY EASY TO SERVICE LITTLE DIFFICULT TO Because of compact size and

SERVICE simple design LI is easy to service
and replace as and when required
and online is little difficult to
service bcz of its complicated
design.

SIZE COMPACT BULKY LI is small and relatively more

user-friendly.
 Comparison on the basis of cost

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Economical Expensive LI is more economical as

compared to Online UPS.
Comparison on the basis of Voltage
Regulation.
Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Adequate Excellent Online’s voltage

regulation is
much superior
than LI.
Comparison on the basis of
Transient Response
Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks
O.K Excellent LI takes typically 20
to 50ms to correct a
voltage and also some
amount of transition is
always passed on the
load .But Online UPS
output is completely
isolated from input
hence ,no transition is
carried to the load
Comparison on the basis of Wave
Form
Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Quasi Sine wave Pure Sinewave There are some

(Mostly) voltage sensitive
devices which
require pure sine
wave,which can be
only provided by
On-Line UPS.
Comparison on the basis of Transfer
Time
Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

5-10 Millisecond Zero Online UPS provides

purely uninterrupted
and regulated supply
to the load.
Comparison on the basis of
Serviceability
Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks
Easy to Service Little Because of compact
difficult to size and simple
Service design LI is easy to
service and replace
as and when
required and online
is little difficult to
service because of
its complicated
design.
Comparison on the basis of Size

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Compact Bulky LI is small and

relatively more user-
friendly.
Comparison on the basis of Weight

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Light Heavy LI occupies

less space and
can be
conveniently
moved around.
 Comparison on the basis of
Capacity

Line-Interactive On-Line Remarks

Maximum Rating Any rating Customer gets

upto 3KVA wider choice in
On-Line UPS
system.
 Rating (VA & Watt)
Transfer Time
Input Voltage Window
AVR (Voltage Regulation)
Backup Time
Crest Factor
Transient response
 UPS RATING

VA = V x I (volt ampere)
Watts = V x I x Power factor
(watts is the actual energy consumed per unit time by an electrical
load)
Power factor = Cosø
(the ratio of actual power to reactive power is called power factor)

(For Datex Accure power factor is 0.8/>4.0)

(For Datex Clarrion power factor is 0.7 to unity)

 TRANSFER TIME

Switch over time in case of power failure from mains

mode to the battery mode.
(For Datex Accure it is typically 2-3msec.)

(For Datex Clarrion it is Zero as in this case there is no transfer

time.)

.
 INPUT VOLTAGE WINDOW

Input voltage range within which the UPS continues to be in the mains
mode.

(For Datex Accure input voltage window is 150-270 V )

(For Datex Clarrion input voltage window is 160-280 V)

 AVR
(Automatic Voltage Regulation)

This is a feature which provides a regulated output voltage to the load

& protects the load from voltage fluctuations.

(Datex Accure regulates output voltage within 220V ± 8%)

(Datex Clarrion regulates output voltage within 220V ± 1%)

 BACKUP TIME

The time period for which the UPS can supply

power to the recommended load in the battery
mode is known as backup time.
 CREST FACTOR

It is defined as the ratio of Peak power load to

average power load.

In case of DATEX it is >3

 TRANSIENT RESPONSE

It is a sudden fluctuation in voltage lasting

from 100th of a second to few seconds.

(In case of Datex Accure it is 20 to 50 ms).

(In case of Datex Clariion it is zero).

Battery Fundamentals
 THE AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

A lead-acid storage battery is an electrochemical device that produces

voltage and delivers electrical current. The battery is the primary
"source" of electrical energy used in vehicles today. It's important to
remember that a battery does not store electricity, but rather it stores
a series of chemicals, and through a chemical process electricity is
produced. Basically, two different types of lead in an acid mixture
react to produce an electrical pressure called voltage. This
electrochemical reaction changes chemical energy to electrical energy
and is the basis for all automotive batteries
 Battery Basics

CELL VOLTAGE

Each cell element of the battery produces

approximately 2.1 volts, regardless of the quantity or
size of the plates. Automobile batteries have six cells
that are connected in series, which produces a total
voltage of 12.6 volts.
 BATTERY

Specifications:-
(1) Voltage 12V 6V & 2V Cells
(2) Ampere Hour (AH)
BATTERY CHARACTERSTICS

TYPES OF BATTERIES

-Ni Cd Batteries
-Lead Acid
 Ni Cd Batteries

Used for low power applications like, mobile phone,

cordless phones etc.
 Lead Acid Batteries
Used for high power applications, like UPS, Telephone exchange,
Automobiles.

There are two types of Lead Acid Batteries

-Sealed Maintenance free (SMF)
-Automotive
DIFFERENT BATTERIES GENERALLY IN USE

-12V 7AH
-12V 17AH
-12V 28AH
-12V 45AH
-12V 65AH
-Automotive 150Ah (trucking battery) exide.
 TYPES OF BATTERIES

Lead Acid Ni cd

High Choice
for UPS Low Power
Power

Sealed Automotive
Maintenance
free (SMF)