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Early Byzantine Art
The Byzantines
Middle Byzantine Art
Late Byzantine Art
The Byzantines
The Byzantines > Early Byzantine Art
Early Byzantine Art

• Architecture in the Early Byzantine Empire
• Painting in the Early Byzantine Empire
• Mosaics in the Early Byzantine Empire
• Ivory Carving in the Early Byzantine Empire
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/the-byzantines-10/early-byzantine-art-78/
The Byzantines > Middle Byzantine Art
Middle Byzantine Art

• Architecture and Mosaics in the Middle Byzantine Empire
• Objects of Worship in the Middle Byzantine Empire
• Painting in the Middle Byzantine Empire
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/the-byzantines-10/middle-byzantine-art-79/
The Byzantines > Late Byzantine Art
Late Byzantine Art

• Late Byzantine Art
• The Chora Church in Constantinople
• Icon Painting in Byzantine Russia
• Painting in the Late Byzantine Empire
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/the-byzantines-10/late-byzantine-art-873/
Appendix
The Byzantines
Key terms
• aniconic Opposed to the use and veneration of images, especially religious images.
• buttress An architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall.
• cloisonne A decorative technique for metalwork, especially brass, whereby colored enamel is baked between raised ridges of
the metal.
• dado The lower portion of an interior wall decorated differently from the upper portion.
• Deesis A traditional iconic representation of Christ in Majesty enthroned, carrying a book, and flanked by the Virgin Mary and
St. John the Baptist, and sometimes other saints and angels.
• Deesis An iconic representation, common in the Byzantine period, of Christ enthroned, Christ Pantocrator, surrounded by the
Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist, often in supplication.
• diptych A picture or series of pictures painted on two tablets, usually connected by hinges.
• hagiography The study of saints.
• Icon An image, symbol, picture, or other representation usually as an object of religious devotion.
• icon An image, symbol, picture, or other representation usually as an object of religious devotion.
• iconoclasm The belief in, participation in, or sanction of destroying religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually
with religious or political motives.
• Iconoclastic Pertaining to the belief in, participation in, or sanction of destroying religious icons and other symbols or
monuments, usually with religious or political motives.
The Byzantines
• iconostasis a wall of icons between the sanctuary and the nave in an Eastern Orthodox church.
• Katholikon The major temple or church building of a monastery or diocese in an Eastern Orthodox Church.
• Katholikon The major temple or church building of a monastery or diocese in an Eastern Orthodox Church.
• koimesis Also known as the Dormition of the Virgin, this is a depiction of the Virgin Mary in her last sleep, at death, before
ascending into Heaven.
• Lamentation of Christ The scene depicts the body of Christ being mourned after the removal of his body from the cross, by his
family, friends, and followers.
• mandorla A luminous cloud that surrounds the figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary in traditional Christian art.
• mandorla An almond shape cloud or radiance that surrounds sacred figures, such as Christ or the Virgin Mary in traditional
Christian art.
• mausoleum A large stately tomb or a building housing such a tomb or several tombs.
• mosaic A piece of artwork created by placing colored squares (usually tiles) in a pattern to create a picture.
• narthex An architectural element typical of early Christian and Byzantine basilicas and churches consisting of the entrance or
lobby area, located at the west end of the nave.
• narthex A western vestibule leading to the nave in some (especially Orthodox) Christian churches.
• Ottoman Of the Islamic empire of Turkey.
The Byzantines
• pagan A person not adhering to any major or recognized religion; a follower of a pantheistic or nature-worshipping religion.
• Pantocrator The ruler of everything, especially as an epithet for Jesus Christ; an artistic depiction of Jesus in this aspect.
• parecclesion A side chapel found in Byzantine architecture.
• pendentive A constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a
rectangular space.
• pendentive The concave triangular section of vaulting that provides transition between a dome and the square base on which it
is set, and transfers the weight of the dome.
• prefiguration A vague advance representation or suggestion of something.
• psalter The Book of Psalms, often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed.
• relief A type of artwork in which shapes or figures protrude from a flat background.
• reliquary A container to hold or display sacred objects.
• squinch A structure constructed between two adjacent walls to aid in the transition from a polygonal to a circular structure; as
when a dome is constructed on top of a square room.
• tempera A painting medium with either a casein or egg-yolk binder.
• tesserae Small square pieces of stone, wood, ivory or glass used for making a mosaic.
The Byzantines
• triptych A picture or series of pictures painted on three tablets connected by hinges.
The Byzantines
Crucifixion
The Crucifixion painted behind the altar of the Katholikon of the Monastery of the Virgin at Studenica.
Wikimedia. "Studenica Christi." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Studenica_Christi.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Annunciation
The Annunciation portrays the Virgin Mary seated on a throne as the angel Gabriel approaches her to deliver the news of her conception of the son of
God.
Wikimedia. "Ohrid annunciation icon." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Feodorovskayaicon
Copper. Nineteenthcentury.
Wikimedia Commons. "410px-Feodorovskaya_сast_copper_icon.jpeg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8359660 View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Iconof Saint Nicolas and Gerasimus of Boldino holding the Theotokos ofKazan
Unlike traditional icons, this example from the seventeenth century or later displays the influence of Western Protestant art, such as the paintings of the
Dutch Baroque tradition.
Wikimedia Commons. "GerBold_StNicolay.jpg." CC BY 2.5 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17104237 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Reliquary of the True Cross

This reliquary depicts a scene of the Crucifixion with fourteen saints around the border. The reliquary is very small and probably contained a piece of the
True Cross, the cross on which Christ was crucified.
Wikimedia. "Reliquary True Cross c800 Byzantine." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Paris Psalter
David composing on his harp.
Wikipedia. "Paris psaulter gr139 fol1v." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol1v.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
EmmanuelTzanes, St.Mark the Evangelist

Inthis icon, St. Mark assumes a dynamic pose, including the dramatichead turn, which would become a common attribute in images of theinspired artist
over the course of the next few centuries. Tzanes's stylized rendering of the lion can be explained by his never having seen one in nature or in visual
culture. Seventeenth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "384px-Tzanes_Emmanuel_-_St_Mark_the_Evangelist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg." Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23718141 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
ElGreco, Dormitionof the Virgin

LateByzantine realism in the rendering of the body is evident here, asthe mourners assume a variety of poses. Solemn facial expressions andbody
language reflect the somber mood of the final sleep of theVirgin Mary. Before 1567.
Wikimedia Commons. "408px-Dormition_El_Greco.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17951018 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. LittleHagia Sophia

Generalview of the interior, looking south and west.
Wikimedia Commons. "320px-Interior_of_Sergius_and_Bacchus_Church-6.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28914811
View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Hagia Sophia, plan

a)Plan of the gallery (upper half); b)Plan of the ground floor (lower half)
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=387531 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Iconostasis of the Church of the Annunciation

Theophanes the Greek. Iconostasis. Gold leaf and tempera on wood panels. c. 1405. Church of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin, Russia.
Wikipedia. "Iconostasis in Moscow." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iconostasis_in_Moscow.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Koimesis Mosaic.
1310-1320. Naos, Chora Church, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.
Wikimedia. "HSX Koimetesis." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Koimetesis.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
South Dome of the Inner Narthex.

South dome of the inner narthex depicting Christ Pantocrator surrounded by ancestors. 1310-1320. Inner Narthex, Chora Church, Constantinople
(Istanbul), Turkey.
Wikimedia. "Genealogy of Jesus mosaic at Chora (1)." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genealogy_of_Jesus_mosaic_at_Chora_(1).jpg View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Frescoed Interior of the Paracclesion Fresco

Scenes from the lives of the Virgin Mary and Christ. Chora Church, Constantinople. c. 1310-20.
Wikimedia. "Sant Salvador de Khora - Interior." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sant_Salvador_de_Khora_-_Interior.JPG View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Interior View of Hagia Sophia

Emperor Justinian ordered the construction of Hagia Sophia in 532 CE.
Wikipedia. "Hagia Sophia." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Russianicon depicting the Holy Trinity

Christ,seated in the middle, wears a blue garment over a red one tosymbolize his status as God made human. All three figures wear wingsto signify their
roles as messengers. The gold background placestheir location in Heaven.
Wikimedia Commons. "407px-Trinity_tikhon_filatiev.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7615573 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Icon of St. Peter

Thisicon of St. Peter, produced in encaustic, bears lifelike qualitiesthat eventually vanished from icons in favor of more stylizedimagery. St.Catherine’s
Monastery at Mt. Sinai. Sixth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "266px-Petersinai.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1076276 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Transfigurationof Jesus
Apseof the monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. c. 565-66CE.
Wikimedia Commons. "Saint_Catherine's_Transfiguration.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1700698 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Baptismof Jesus
ArianBaptistery, Ravenna, Italy. Late fifth-early sixth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "488px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39891909 View
on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
FloorMosaic from Mount Nebo

Huntingand grazing scenes from a floor mosaic. Mount Nebo. c. 530 CE.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Nebo05(js).jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3353205 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Anastasis
Fresco. 1310-1320. Parecclesion, Chora Church, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.
Wikimedia. "Kariye ic." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kariye_ic.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
HarbavilleTriptych
Deesiswith Saints. Ivory. c. 950.
Wikipedia. "aville-louvre-oa3247-recto.jpeg." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Plan of Hosios Loukas

Top(#1 on diagram): Plan of Church of the Theotokos; Bottom (#2): Planof Katholikon.
Wikimedia Commons. "373px-Osios_lukas.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6429572 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Ground plan of the Chora Church.

Ground plan of the Chora Church.
Wikipedia. "HSX Millingen 1912 fig 105." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_105.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Plan of St. Mark's Basilica

The circles mark the location of each dome.
Wikimedia Commons. "367px-1911_Britannica-Architecture-St_Mark’s.png." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23106698 View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Archangel Ivory
Constantinople.British Museum. c. 525-550 CE.
Wikimedia Commons. "320px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6043083 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Columncapital decorated with busts of apostles.

Marble,Pammakaristos Church excavations. Early 14th century.
Wikimedia Commons. "Pammakaristos_Church_fragments.jpeg." GNU FDL https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3867227 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Ceiling Mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

The Byzantines more creatively and liberally than other cultures in the classical world.
Wikipedia. "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Christas the Good Shepherd

Thismosaic from the mid-fifth century is an example of a “generic”beardless Christ, as he might have appeared in contemporaneous icons. Mausoleum
of Galla Placidia. Ravenna, Italy. c. 450.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px--The_good_Shepherd-_mosaic_-_Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia.jpg." CC BY-SA 4.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4046999 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
BorradaileTriptych
Centralpanel carved with the Crucifixion, the Virgin and St. John, andabove, the half-length figures of the archangels Michael and Gabriel;on the left leaf,
from top to bottom: St. Kyros; St. George and St.Theodore Stratilates; St. Menas and St. Prokopios; on the right leaf:St John; St. Eustathius and St
Clement of Ankyra; St Stephen and StKyrion. On the reverse are two inscribed crosses and roundelscontaining busts of Saints Joachim and Anna in the
centers, withSaints Basil and Barbara, and John the Persian and Thekla at theterminus. Ivory. c. 10th century.
Wikimedia Commons. "576px-Borradaile_triptych_BM_1923_1205_1.jpg." CC BY-SA
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borradaile_triptych_BM_1923_1205_1.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Double-sidedicon with the Crucifixion and the Virgin Hodegitria

Original painting: ninth century. Additional details added in thirteenth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "335px-1988_-_Byzantine_Museum,_Athens_-_Crucifixion_-_9th-13th_century_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall'Orto,_Nov_12_2.jpg." Public
domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16605336 View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Theotokos of Vladimir
Theotokos of Vladimir. Tempera on wood. Late 11th to early 12th century. Vladimir, Russia.
Wikipedia. "Vladimirskaya." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimirskaya.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Lamentation of Christ
Detail. Wall painting. 1164. Church of Saint Pantaleimon, Nerezi, Macedonia.
Wikipedia. "Meister von Nerezi 001." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
The Death of St. Onesimus

Fromthe Monologion of Basil II. Painting produced c. 985 CE; bookassembled c. 1000.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Onesimus_of_Byzantium_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20575782
View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Christ Healing a Paralytic

Mosaic in Caphernaum from cycle of the Life of Christ. Outer narthex, Chora Church, Constantinople. c. 1310-20.
Wikimedia. "Christ healing a paralitic in Caphernaum." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_healing_a_paralitic_in_Caphernaum.jpg View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
The Division of the Byzantine Empire after its Sacking in 1204

The division of the Byzantine Empire after its sacking in 1204 by French and Italian armies during the Fourth Crusades
Wikipedia. "LatinEmpire2." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LatinEmpire2.png View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Dedication Mosaic.
1310-1320. Outer Narthex, Chora Church, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.
Wikimedia. "Chora Church interior March 2008." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Church_interior_March_2008.JPG View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Virgin and Child with Angels.

Dome depicting the Virgin and Child with Angels. Fresco. 1310-1320. Parecclesion, Chora Church, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.
Wikimedia. "Kariye camii innen2." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kariye_camii_innen2.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Christ Washing the Feet of His Disciples, Hosios Loukas, Greece.

The figures in these scenes are depicted with naturalistic faces that are modeled and with long, narrow noses and small mouths.
Wikimedia. "Osios Loukas 1." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osios_Loukas_1.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Hosios Loukas Katholikon, Greece.

Unlike the Church of the Theokotos, the dome of the Katholikon rests on squinches.
Wikimedia. "Hosios Loukas Katholikon 20091116-44." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_20091116-44.JPG View on
Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Justinian I from San Vitale in Ravenna

Byzantine Emperor Justinian forcefully pushed for the spread of Christianity along with the expansion of his empire.
Wikipedia. "Justinian I." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Internal View of Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

This early Byzantine structures demonstrates the intricate use of mosaics in Byzantine design.
Wikipedia. "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Old Testament Trinity

Old Testament Trinity. Tempera on wood. c. 1411 or 1425-1427.
Wikipedia. "Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Barberini Diptych
The Barberini Diptych is an early example of Byzantine ivory work. Musée du Louvre, Paris. c. 500-550 CE.
Wikipedia. "Barberini Ivory." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberini_Ivory View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Theokotos and Child, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.

This image, in which the Virgin Mary sits on a throne with the Christ Child, is believed to be a reconstruction of a sixth-century mosaic that was destroyed
during the Iconoclasm.
Wikipedia. "Hagia Sophia Interior Virgin 2007." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Virgin_2007.JPG View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Interior of St. Mark's Basilic, Venice, Italy

A view of the interior of St. Mark's Basilica from the clerestory-level walkway shows its richly decorated mosaics and marble polychrome panels.
Wikimedia. "Veneza118." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Veneza118.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Byzantines
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Byzantine Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art%23Early_Byzantine_art
• Wikipedia. "Süleymaniye Mosque." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque
• Wikipedia. "Justinian I." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I
• Wikipedia. "Narthex." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthex
• Wikipedia. "Church of the Holy Apostles." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles
• Wikipedia. "Pendentive." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive
• Wikipedia. "Little Hagia Sophia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia
• Wiktionary. "Hagia Sophia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia
• Wikipedia. "Byzantine Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture
• Wiktionary. "Byzantine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Byzantine
• Wikipedia. "Buttress." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress
• Wikipedia. "Mandorla." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandorla
• Wikipedia. "Early Byzantine Mosaics in the Middle East." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East
• Wikipedia. "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia#Architecture_and_interior_art
• Wiktionary. "Mausoleum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mausoleum
• Wikipedia. "Arian Baptistery." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian_Baptistry
• Saylor. "MOSAIC DECORATION IN BYZANTINE RAVENNA." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-
content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH401-2.2.2-Mosaic-Decoration-in-Byzantine-Ravenna-FINAL.pdf
The Byzantines
• Wikipedia. "Mosaic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic

• Wiktionary. "Tesserae." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tesserae
• Wikipedia. "Byzantine Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art
• Wikipedia. "Eastern Christianity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Christianity
• Wikipedia. "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia
• Wikipedia. "Nilus of Sinai." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai
• Wikipedia. "Icon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon%23Emergence_of_the_Christian_icon
• Wikitionary. "iconoclasm." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconoclasm
• Wiktionary. "Hagiography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hagiography
• Wiktionary. "Pagan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pagan
• Saylor. "EARLY ICONS." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH401-2.3.1.1-Early-Icons-
FINAL.pdf
• Wikitionary. "icon." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/icon
• Wikipedia. "Chora Church." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church
• Wikipedia. "Fourth Crusade." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
• Wiktionary. "Ottoman." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ottoman
• Wikipedia. "Pammakaristos Church." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church
• Wikipedia. "Iconostasis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis
The Byzantines
• Wikipedia. "Eastern Orthodox Church Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture
• Wikipedia. "Deesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deesis
• Wikipedia. "Studenica Monastery." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenica_monastery
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Middle Byzantine Art

Late Byzantine Art

Early Byzantine Art

Middle Byzantine Art

Late Byzantine Art

• triptych A picture or series of pictures painted on three tablets connected by hinges.

Reliquary of the True Cross

EmmanuelTzanes, St.Mark the Evangelist

ElGreco, Dormitionof the Virgin

Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. LittleHagia Sophia

Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Hagia Sophia, plan

Iconostasis of the Church of the Annunciation

South Dome of the Inner Narthex.

Frescoed Interior of the Paracclesion Fresco

Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. Interior View of Hagia Sophia

Russianicon depicting the Holy Trinity

Icon of St. Peter

FloorMosaic from Mount Nebo

Plan of Hosios Loukas

Ground plan of the Chora Church.

Plan of St. Mark's Basilica

Columncapital decorated with busts of apostles.

Ceiling Mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Christas the Good Shepherd

Double-sidedicon with the Crucifixion and the Virgin Hodegitria

The Death of St. Onesimus

Christ Healing a Paralytic

The Division of the Byzantine Empire after its Sacking in 1204

Virgin and Child with Angels.

Christ Washing the Feet of His Disciples, Hosios Loukas, Greece.

Hosios Loukas Katholikon, Greece.

Justinian I from San Vitale in Ravenna

Internal View of Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Old Testament Trinity

Theokotos and Child, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.

Interior of St. Mark's Basilic, Venice, Italy

• Wikipedia. "Mosaic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic

• Wikipedia. "Eastern Orthodox Church Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0

• Wiktionary. "Cloisonné." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cloisonne

• Wikipedia. "The Old Testament Trinity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Testament_Trinity

• Wikipedia. "Macedonian Renaissance." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance

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