Three phase system

d
 L M
Flux density
B [T]
N
l A


Current induces in the coil as the
Generator for single phase coil moves in the magnetic field

Note
Induction motor cannot start
by itself. This problem is
solved by introducing three
phase system Current produced at terminal
Instead of using one coil only , three coils are used arranged in one
axis with orientation of 120o each other. The coils are R-R1 , Y-Y1
and B-B1. The phases are measured in this sequence R-Y-B. I.e Y
lags R by 120o , B lags Y by 120o.
 Finish R
eR L1

start R1
Finish Y
eY L2 Load
start Y1
Finish B
eB L3
start
B1

The three winding can be represented by the above circuit. In this

case we have six wires. The emf are represented by eR , eY, eB.
e R  E m sin t
eY  E m sin( t-120  )
eB  E m sin( t-240  )
 The circuit can be simplified as follows, where R1 can be
connected to Y and Y1 can be connected to B. In this case
the circuit is reduced to 4 wires.
Finish R
eRB1  eR  eY  eB eR
start R1
Finish Y
 E m [sin t  sin( t  120 )  sin( t  240 )]
 
eY eR+eY+eB
start Y1
 Em [sin t  sin t  cos120  cos t  sin 120
 
Finish B
eB
 sin t  cos 240  cos t  sin 240 ] start
B1

 Em [sin t  0.5 sin t  0.866 cos t  0.5 sin t  0.866kost ]

0
Since the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be connected together, thus
we arrive with delta connection system.
 R
Fig. B
Fig.A
PL
R1
Y

conductors
Line
PM
Y1
B

PN

B1
Fig. C
•Since the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be eY
R Y1
connected together as in Fig.A , thus we arrive
with delta connection system as in Fig. C. eR Y
•The direction of the emf can be referred to the
B1
emf waveform as in Fig. B where PL is +ve (R1- R1
R), PM is –ve (Y-Y1) and PN is –ve (B-B1). B
eB
•R1, Y1 and B1 are connected together. R
•As the e.m.f generated are assumed in iR
positive direction , therefore the current
R1
directions are also considered as flowing
Y
in the positive direction. iY
•The current in the common wire (MN)
is equal to the sum of the generated Y1 N iR+iY+iB
M
currents. i.e iR+iY+iB . B
iB
•This arrangement is called four –wire
star-connected system. The point N B1 1
refers to star point or neutral point.
Generator Load
The instantaneous current in loads L1 , L2 and L3 are

R
iR
i R  I m sin t R

Line conductors
R1
iY  I m sin( t-120 ) N
Y1 Y Y
iY
B1
i B  I m sin( t-240 ) 

B iB

i N  i R  iY  i B B

L3 L2 L1
 I m [sin t  sin( t  120 ) iR+iY+iB

 sin( t  240 )]  0
 Three-wire star-connected system with
balanced load
For balanced loads, the fourth wire carries no current , so it can
be dispensed
8.66A

5A 2.6A
R
L

R1 10A 9.7A
N 0
Y1 Y L
B1
L

B 5A 7.1A
8.66A
generator a b c balanced
coils load
Instantaneous currents’ waveform for iR, iY and iB in
a balanced three-phase system.
phase and line current in ampere
•VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltage R
VR
IR
•VR, VY and VB are called phase voltage VRY
VBR
N
Y
From Kirchoff voltage law we have VB VY IY
VYB
VRY  VR  VY  VR  (VY )
B
IB

VYB  VY  VB  VY  (VB ) VB -VY

VRY
VBR
VBR  VB  VR  VB  (VR )
-VR VR
In phasor diagram
-VB
VY

VYB
For balanced load VR , VY and
VB are equaled but out of phase

VR = VP30; VRY = VL30; VB -VY

VRY
VBR
VY = VP-90; VYB = VL-90;
VR
VB = VP150; VBR = VL150; -VR

-VB
therefore VY

VRY  2VR cos 30o   3 V P

VYB

VBR  2VB cos 30o   3 V

P

VYB  2VY cos 30o   3 V

P
then

VL   3 V
P

and

IL  IP
 IR
R
•IR, IY and IB are called line current I1
•I1, I2 and I3 are called phase current
I3 IY
Y
From Kirchoff current law we have VP
VL
I R  I1  I3  I1  ( I 3 )
I2 IB
B
IY  I2  I1  I 2  (I1 ) IR

I B  I 3  I 2  I 3  ( I 2 )
I1
-I2 -I3
IB
In phasor diagram
I3 I2

-I1
IY
Since the loads are balanced, the magnitude of currents are
equaled but 120o out of phase. i.e I1 =I2=I3 ,=IP Therefore:-

IR = IL30; I1 = VP30;
IY = IL-90; I2 = VP-90;
IB = IL150; I3 = VP150;
Where IP is a phase current and IL is a line current
IR
I R  2 I1 cos 30  ( 3 ) I P

I1

I Y  2 I 2 cos 30  ( 3 ) I P -I2 -I3

I B  2I 3 cos 30  
 3 I P
IB

I3 I2
Thus IR=IY=IB = IL
-I1
IY
Hence

IL   3 I P VL  VP
 Unbalanced load

In a three-phase four-wire system the line voltage is 400V

and non-inductive loads of 5 kW, 8 kW and 10 kW are
connected between the three conductors and the neutral.
Calculate: (a) the current in each phase
(b) the current in the neutral conductor.
 VL 400
Voltage to neutral VP    230V
3 3

PR 10 4
Current in 10kW resistor IR    43.5 A
VP 230

PY 8 103
Current in 8kW resistor IY    34.8 A
VP 230

PB 5 103
Current in 5kW resistor IB    21.7 A
VP 230
 IR
INV IN

IBH IYH

IBV IYV INH

IB IY

Resolve the current components into horizontal and vertical

components.
I H  IY cos 30  I B cos 30o  0.86634.8  21.7  11.3 A

IV  I R  I Y cos 60  I B cos 60o  43.5  0.5(34.8  21.7)  13.0 A

I N  I NH  I NV  11.32  13.02  17.2 A

2 2
 A delta –connected load is arranged as in Figure below.
The supply voltage is 400V at 50Hz. Calculate:
(a)The phase currents;
(b)The line currents.
IR
R
I1
R1=100
400V 400V
IY
Y C=30F
R2=20 I2
400V I3
IB X2=60
B
(a) VRY 400
I1    4A
R1 100

I1 is in phase with VRY since there is only resistor in the branch

In branch between YB , there are two components , R2 and X2
VYB 400
I2    6.32 A
ZY 20  60
2 2
IR

VRY
ZY  R 2  X 2
2 2
 20  60
2 2

I1
-I3
X   60 
 Y  tan 1  2   tan 1    7134' 30o
 R2   20 

In the branch RB , only capacitor in 90o

VBR 71o34'
it , so the XC is -90 out of phase. VYB
30o
I3
V 400

I 3  BR 1 /(2  50  30 10  6 )  90  I2
XC

 3.77 A  90 o
(b) I R  I1  I 3

I R2  I12  2 I1 I 3 cos   I 32 =30o

I1
I R2  4.0  24.03.77  cos 30o  3.77   56.3
2 2

I R  7.5 A 120o

 = 71o 34’ -60o= 11o 34’ 60o

71o 34'
I Y  I 2  I1 

I2 -I1
I  I  2I1I 2 cos  I
2
Y
2
2
2
1

I Y2  6.32  24.06.32 cos11o34'4.0  105.5

2 2

IY  10.3 A
IY
 = 180-30o-11o 34’ = 138o 34’

I B  I3  I 2
I B2  I 32  2 I 3 I 2 cos   I 22
-I2
I B2  6.32  23.77 6.32 cos138o 26'3.77   18.5
2 2

I B  4.3 A I2


90o
71o 34'
11o 34' 30o
I3
I2
 Power in three phase

Active power per phase = IPVP x power factor

Total active power= 3VPIP x power factor

P  3VP I P cos 
If IL and VL are rms values for line current and line voltage
respectively. Then for delta () connection: VP = VL and IP
= IL/3. therefore:
P  3VL I L cos 

For star connection () : VP = VL/3 and IP = IL. therefore:

P  3VL I L cos 
A three-phase motor operating off a 400V system is developing
20kW at an efficiency of 0.87 p.u and a power factor of 0.82.
Calculate:
(a)The line current;
(b)The phase current if the windings are delta-connected.
(a) Since Efficiency  output power in watts
input power in watts
output power in watts

3 I LVL  p. f
20 1000
0.87  And line current =IL=40.0A
3  I L  400  0.82
(b) For a delta-connected winding
line current 40.0
Phase current    23.1A
3 3
Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20 and
an inductance of 0.5 H connected in (a) star and (b) delta
to a three phase supply of 400 V; 50 Hz. Calculate the
current and the total power absorbed by both method of
connections.
First of all calculating the impedance of the coils
R P  20 X P  2  50  0.5  157 

1  X P

Z P  RP  jX P  RP  X P 
2 2
where   tan  
 RP 
 157 
1
 20  157  tan 
2 2
  15883


 20 

cos   cos 83  0.1264

 Star-connection

20
400V
400V 400 / 3

0.5H

N
0.5H 0.5H
400V 20 20

Since it is a balanced load

400 VP 231
VP   231V IP  IL    1.46A
3 Z P 158
Power absorbed
P  3VL I L cos   3  400  1.46  0.1264  128W
Star connection

400V 0.5H
20 20

0.5H
400V 400V 20 0.5H

VP 400
VP  VL  400 V IP    4.38A
Z P 158

P  3VL I L cos   3  400  4.38  0.1264  383W

A balanced three phase load connected in star, each phase consists
of resistance of 100  paralleled with a capacitance of 31.8 F.
The load is connected to a three phase supply of 415 V; 50 Hz.
Calculate: (a) the line current;
(b) the power absorbed;
(c) total kVA;
(d) power factor .
415

VL 415
VP    240 V
3 3
 Admittance of the load
1 1 1
YP   where XP 
R P XP jC

1 1
  jC   j2  50  31.8  10 6  (0.01  j0.01)S
RP 100
Line current
I L  I P  VPYP  240(0.01  j 0.01)  2.4  j 2.4  3.3945
Volt-ampere per phase
PVA  VP I P  240  3.39  45 
 814 .4 45 

Active power per phase PPA  814.4 cos 45  576

Total active power PA  3  576  1.728 kW

(b)

P
Reactive power per phase PR  j814 .4 sin 45 
 j576

Total reactive power PR  j3  576  j1.728 kW

(c) Total volt-ampere  3  814 .4  2.44 kVA

(d)
Power Factor = cos = cos 45 = 0.707 (leading)
A three phase star-connected system having a phase voltage of
230V and loads consist of non reactive resistance of 4 , 5 
and 6 respectively.
Calculate:(a) the current in each phase conductor
(b) the current in neutral conductor
and (c) total power absorbed.

230
I 4   57.5A
4
230
I 5   46A
5
230
I 6   38.3A
6
 38.3 A

57.5 A

(b) 46 A

X-component = 46 cos 30 + 38.3 cos 30 - 57.5 = 15.5 A

Y-component = 46 sin 30 - 38.3 sin 30 = 3.9 A

Therefore I N  15.5 2  3.9 2  16A

(c) P  230 57.5  46  38.3  32.61kW