Overview of MERALCO System

13.2/7.62kV

69kV

13.8kV

13.8kV
230kV
13.2/7.62kV

Generation
115kV 13.8kV 4.16/2.4kV

4.8kV
Transmission

34.5/20kV 6.24/3.6kV

13.2/7.62kV
Sub-Transmission
13.8kV

Distribution
 OUTLINE
 Transformer Nomenclature (Nameplate,
Company Number)
 Workshop
 Transformer Taps
 Transformer Polarity
 Transformer Connections (Standards,
Common Errors & Troubles)
 Workshop
 Connection for L-G Secondary System
 Reminders on DT Installations
 Typical MERALCO DT

Primary H2
Primary H1 Bushing
Bushing (At the Back)

Secondary
(X1, X3, X2, X4)
KVA Bushings
Rating

Company Nameplate
Number
 DT Nameplate Sample
Polarity
KVA Rating (Subtractive)

Primary
Voltage
Secondary Rating
Voltage
Rating
(Dual
Voltage)

Voltage
Rating
per tap
Schematic
position
Diagrams
 DT Nameplate Sample

Primary
Voltage Rating KVA Rating

Secondary
Voltage
Rating Polarity
(Additive)

Voltage
Rating
per tap Schematic
position Diagrams
 DT Nameplate Sample
Company Number
KVA
Rating

Secondary
Voltage
Rating

Primary
Voltage
Rating

Voltage
Rating
per tap
position Schematic Diagrams
 DT Nameplate Sample
Primary Secondary
KVA Rating Voltage Rating Voltage Rating

Polarity (Additive)
 Symbols Used in Transformer Voltage Ratings

NAME SYMBOL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

To separate the voltage

-
Dash
- rating or ratings of
separate windings.
34500 Grd.Y / 19920 V
240/120 V

To separate voltage to be 13200 GRDY / 7620 V -

Slant or
Slash / applied or to be obtained
from the same winding. 120 / 240 V

To designate separate
voltages which can be
obtained by reconnecting 34500GRDY / 19920 V -
Cross X the coils of a winding in 120/240 X 139/277 V
series or multiple
combinations
Primary Voltage Ratings of DTs Used by MERALCO

VOLTAGE RATING DESCRIPTION

Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

34500Grd.Y/19920 connection on effectively grounded systems
with line-to-line voltages of 34.5kV

Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

3600/6240Y connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 6.24kV

Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

2400/4160Y connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 4.16kV

Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

4800/8300Y connection on system with line-to-line
voltage of 8.3kV or for line-to-line connection
on system with line-to-line voltage of 4.8kV.
Primary Voltage Ratings of DTs Used by MERALCO

VOLTAGE RATING DESCRIPTION

For line-to-line connection on system of

13200 13.2kV line-to-line.

Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

13200Grd.Y/7620 connection on effectively grounded systems
with line-to-line voltages of 13.2kV.

Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground

7620/13200Y connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 13.2kV

•Without slash (/) – for line-to-line connection

•With slash (/) – for line-to-ground connection
 DT Company Number Coding System of
MERALCO

I. PREFIXES (Primary Winding Rating)

OLD SYSTEM NEW SYSTEM KV RATING

W W 20
Z T 13.2, 13.8
Z Z 7.62
X X 3.6
Y Y 4.8
MY M 2.4
 DT Company Number Coding System of
MERALCO
II. SUFFIXES (Secondary Winding Rating)
CODE LETTER VOLTAGE RATING
A 120/240 or 240/120
B 139/277
C 240/480
D (or Y) 139/277x120/240
E 240/139*
F 480/277*
* Three-
G 240 phase
DTs
N 125/216*
 Difference Between
120/240- & 240/120-Volt Ratings

120/240 2-section secondary winding

which can be connected in
parallel for output voltage 120V,
in series for output voltage 240V,
or in series for 3-wire service for (Available in 4-
or 3-bushing
120/240V output voltage.
transformers)
(Memory Aid: 120-volt winding
times 2)

240/120 Mid-tapped secondary suitable for

2-wire service at voltage 240V, or
for 3-wire service. Cannot be
connected for 2-wire service at
voltage 120V .
(Memory Aid: 240-volt winding
divided by 2)
 DT Company Number Sample

B-
139/277 V
Secondary

W-
19.92 kV
Primary
 DT Company Number Sample

A-
120/240 V
Secondary

M-
2.4 kV
Primary
 DT Company Number Sample

D-
Dual Voltage
120/240 X
139/277 V
Secondary
Z-
7.62 kV
Primary
 External Tap-Changers
Operation
1. De-energize the DT
2. Loosen lock screw
3. Rotate switch to
desired position
4. Tighten lock screw
5. Energize the DT

Lock Screw
Other Types of External Tap-Changers
Internal View of a DT With an
External Tap-Changer

Tap-
Changer
Internal Tap-Changers

Rotary Tap-Changers
 Schematic Diagram of a Dual Voltage
Transformer

H1  H2

  TAP
5 4 3 2 1 CHANGER
    
DUAL
VOLTAGE PRIMARY
TAP
WINDING
(SET AT
INNER
TAP)
139V 139V

X1 X3 X2 X4

139/277 V
 Schematic Diagram of a Dual Voltage
Transformer

H1  H2

  TAP
5 4 3 2 1 CHANGER
    
DUAL
VOLTAGE PRIMARY
TAP
WINDING
(SET AT
OUTER
TAP)
120V 120V

X1 X3 X2 X4

120/240 V
Samples of DTs With Dual Voltage Tap

Internal Tap changer

Dual
Voltage
Taps

Always
refer to
nameplate
for actual
ratings.
Samples of DTs With Dual Voltage Tap
Tap changer Dual Voltage Taps

Changing the DUAL

VOLTAGE TAP is done
by transferring the
connection of the
primary lead
Samples of DTs With Dual Voltage Tap

Changing the DUAL

VOLTAGE TAP is done by
transferring the connection
of the outer end of the
curved copper strip

Dual
Voltage
Taps
Transformer Polarity Convention

200 kVA or smaller,

and Additive
8.66 kV or below

Single-phase
transformers that
do not meet either Subtractive
one or both criteria
 Terminal Markings of DTs

I. ADDITIVE POLARITY

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X1 X4 X1
X2 X2 X2 X3

ADDITIVE - X1 IS DIAGONALLY ACROSS FROM H1

 Terminal Markings of DTs

II. SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1 X3 X1 X4
X2 X2 X3 X2

SUBTRACTIVE - X1 IS ON SAME SIDE AS H1

 Polarity of DTs

EXAMPLES:
1) 100 kVA, 3.6 kV-240/120 V Additive

2) 250 kVA, 7.62 kV-240/120 V Subtractive

3) 25 kVA, 19.92 kV-240/120 V Subtractive

4) 167 kVA, 13.8 kV-240/120 V Subtractive

All 20kV, 13.8kV or 13.2kV DTs are Subtractive

 POLARITY TESTING OF A DT

APPLY VOLTAGE HERE

(240V or 120VAC ONLY)

HV SIDE

Temporary
Shorting Vm Voltmeter
Wire (Jumper)

LV SIDE

 If Vm reads more than the applied voltage - Additive

 If Vm reads less than the applied voltage - Subtractive
 Polarity of DTs
X1 X3 X2 X4

Subtractive
Polarity:
333 kVA,
3600/6240Y V -
120/240 V
 Polarity of DTs

X2
X1

X4
X3

Subtractive
Polarity:
250 kVA,
34500Grd.Y/
19920 V -
139/277 V
Polarity of DTs
X3 X2 X1

Additive
Polarity:
25 kVA,
2400/4160Y V -
120/240 V
 DT Connections Used By MERALCO

System 1-Phase 1-Phase Open-Wye, Ungrd. Wye- Grd. Wye- Open-Delta- Delta-
L-to-N L-to-L Open-Delta Delta Grd. Wye Open-Delta Delta
34.5 / 20 kV Wye Yes Yes Yes

13.2 / 7.62 kV Wye Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

8.3 / 4.8 kV Wye Yes Yes Yes

6.24 / 3.6 kV Wye Yes Yes Yes

4.16 / 2.4 kV Wye Yes Yes Yes

13.8 kV Delta Yes Yes Yes

4.8 kV Delta Yes Yes Yes

Note: The voltage on he leftmost column refer to the system voltage of the circuit & not on
the voltage rating of the DT.
 Single-phase Connection
Line-to-Neutral Primary (Subtractive Polarity)

A 
N  

H1 H2

X1 X3

X2
n  
a 
b 

VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES

B
b
Vab = 240V
n
N a Vbn = 120V
A C
PRIMARY SECONDARY Van = 120V
 Single-phase Connection
Line-to-Neutral Primary (Additive Polarity)

A 
N  

H1 H2

X3 X1

X2
n  
a 
b 

VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES

B
a
Vab = 240V
n
N b Vbn = 120V
A C
PRIMARY SECONDARY Van = 120V
 Single-phase Connection
Line-to-Line Primary (Subtractive Polarity)
A 
B 

H1 H2

X3
X1
X2

n 
a 
b 

VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES

B a Vab = 240V
n
A b
Vbn = 120V

C Van = 120V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Single-phase Connection
Line-to-Line Primary (Additive Polarity)
A 
B 

H1 H2

X1
X3
X2

n 
a 
b 

VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES

B b Vab = 240V
n
A a
Vbn = 120V

C Van = 120V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Open-Wye, Open-Delta Connection
2 Subtractive Polarity DTs

A 
B 
C
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X3
X1 X1

X2  X2
n  
a
b
 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b
n Vab = 240V Van = 120V

N a
Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V
A C c
Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V - Bastard
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Voltage
 Open-Wye, Open-Delta Connection
2 Additive Polarity DTs

A
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X1
X3 X3

X2  X2
n  
a
b
 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b
Vab = 240V Van = 120V
n
N c
Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V
A C a
PRIMARY SECONDARY Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V
Common Error in Open-Wye, Open-Delta Connections

ERROR 1: X1 of Main DT was interlocked with X1 of Wing DT

A
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X1

X2
X2 
n
a
 

b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B c
b Vab = 240V Van = 120V
N n
 Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V
A C a
PRIMARY SECONDARY Vca = 416V Vcn = 317V
Common Error in Open-Wye, Open-Delta Connections

ERROR 2: H2 instead of H1 of one DT was connected to the primary

A
B
 
C
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X1

X2  X2
n
a
 

b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B
b
Vab = 240 V Van = 120V
N  n
a Vbc = 416 V Vbn = 120V
A C c
PRIMARY SECONDARY Vca = 240 V Vcn = 317V
Common Trouble in Open-Wye, Open-Delta Connections

TROUBLE: H1 of both DTs energized from the same primary

Detached jumper
A 
To B 
Source C
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X1

X2  X2
n
a
 

b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b
n Vab = 240 V Van = 120V
N a
Vbc = 480 V Vbn = 120V
A C c
PRIMARY SECONDARY Vca = 240 V Vcn = 360V
 Wye-Delta Connection
3 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 
N
Floating Neutral

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1 X1
X3 X3

X2  X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 240V Van = 120V
n
N c Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

A C a
Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V - Bastard
PRIMARY SECONDARY Voltage
 Common Error in Wye-Delta Connections
(Ex. 1 Subtractive & 2 additive DTs)
ERROR: X1 of Wing 1 was connected to X1 of Main while X3
of Main was connected to X3 of Wing 2
A 
B 
C 
Floating Neutral

H1 Wing 1 H2 H1
Main H2 H1 Wing 2 H2

X1 X1 X3 X1
X3 X3

C X2  X2  X2

C’
n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
c
B a Vab = 240V Vc’a = 416V Van = 120V
n
N  Vbc = 416V Vbc’ = 240V Vbn = 120V
b
A C c’ Vca = 240V Vcc’ = 480V Vcn/Vc’n = 317V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Corrected Error in Wye-Delta Connection
(Subtractive & 2 additive DTs)
CORRECTION: H2 instead H1 of Main DT was tapped to the phase
conductor. This results in the imaginary swapping of the X1 & X3 leads.
A 
B 
C 
Floating Neutral

H1 Wing 1 H2 H1
Main H2 H1 Wing 2 H2
H2 H1

X1 X1 X3 X1
X3 X3
X3 X1
X2  X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 240V Van = 120V
n
N c Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

A C a
Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V - Bastard
PRIMARY SECONDARY Voltage
 Wye-Wye Connection for 240-volt Service
3 Subtractive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X4 139V 139V X4 X1 X4
X1

 X3 X2   X3 X2   X3 X2 
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 240V Van = 139V

N n Vbc = 240V Vbn = 139V

A C a c Vcn = 139V
Vca = 240V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Wye-Wye Connection for 480-volt Service
3 Subtractive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X4 139V 139V X4 X1 X4
X1
X3 X2 X3 X2 X3 X2
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 480V Van = 277V

N n Vbc = 480V Vbn = 277V

A C a c Vcn = 277V
Vca = 480V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Wye-Wye Connection for 240-volt Service
3 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X4 X1 X1 X4 X1
X4

 X2 X3   X2 X3   X2 X3 
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 240V Van = 139V

N n Vbc = 240V Vbn = 139V

A C a c Vcn = 139V
Vca = 240V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Wye-Wye Connection for 480-volt Service
3 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X4 X1 X1 X4 X1
X4
X2 X3 X2 X3 X2 X3
 
n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 480V Van = 277V

N n Vbc = 480V Vbn = 277V

A C a c Vcn = 277V
Vca = 480V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Open-Delta, Open-Delta Connection
2 Subtractive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 


H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3
X1
X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B n b Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A a 0º angular
displacement Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

C c Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V

PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Open-Delta, Open-Delta Connection
2 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 


H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1
X3
X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
c 180º angular
B displacement Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A a Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

n
C b
Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Open-Delta, Open-Delta Connection of
2 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 


H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1
X3
X2 X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B n b Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A a 0º angular
displacement Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

C c Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V

PRIMARY SECONDARY
Common Error in Open-Delta, Open-Delta Connections
ERROR: Secondary Interlock was Connected X3 to X3
A 
B 
C 


H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1
X3
X2 X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
c
B Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A b Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

n
C a Vca = 416V Vcn = 317V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Delta-Delta Connection
3 Subtractive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 

 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X3
X1 X1

X2  X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b
n Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A a Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

c
C Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
 Delta-Delta Connection
3 Additive Polarity DTs
A 
B 
C 

 
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1 X1
X3 X3

X2  X2  X2

n 
a 
b 
c 
VOLTAGE VECTORS SECONDARY VOLTAGES
B b Vab = 240V Van = 120V

A n
c Vbc = 240V Vbn = 120V

C a
Vca = 240V Vcn = 208V
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SINGLE-PHASE 240V, LINE-TO-GROUND
SECONDARY SYSTEM

A 
B
C
N  

H1 H2

X3 X1

X2

a  
b 

INSULATED BARE GROUNDED

PHASE CONDUCTOR PHASE CONDUCTOR
OPEN-WYE, OPEN-DELTA CONNECTION FOR 3-PHASE,
CORNER-GROUNDED DELTA SECONDARY

A 
B 
C
N 
 
H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X1
X3 X3

X2  X2
a  
b 
c 
INSULATED PHASE BARE GROUNDED
CONDUCTORS PHASE CONDUCTOR

B b
SECONDARY VOLTAGES
N c Vab = 240V
a Vbc = 240V
A C
Vca = 240V
PRIMARY VECTORS SECONDARY VECTORS
 WYE-DELTA CONNECTION FOR 3-PHASE,
CORNER-GROUNDED DELTA SECONDARY

A 
B 
C 
N

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1 X1
X3 X3

X2  X2  X2
a 
b 
c  
INSULATED PHASE BARE GROUNDED
CONDUCTORS PHASE CONDUCTOR

B b
SECONDARY VOLTAGES
N c Vab = 240V
a Vbc = 240V
A C
Vca = 240V
PRIMARY VECTORS SECONDARY VECTORS
 Reminders on DT Installation
A. New Installation
 Inspect DT for any physical defects

 Check specifications of withdrawn DT

 Install as per safety & construction standards

 Check for compliance to W.O. or F.O.

 Before energizing:

 Check for shorted/grounded service entrance conductors

 Ensure customer main switch (CMS) is open & check for

possible voltage presence
 Energize DT
 Check voltage at CMS
 Accomplish Transformer Report (TR)
 Reminders on DT Installation
B. Replacement
 Inspect DT for any physical defects
 Check specifications of withdrawn DT
 Eliminate all possible sources of power
 Ground or short-circuit the secondary line or leads
 Establish secondary phase markings/sketch existing connection
 Install as per safety & construction standards

 Before re-energizing:
 Remove all temporary grounding wires
 Check DT connection against sketch/drawing/phase markings
 Release pressure by operating the pressure relief device
 Energize DT
 Check voltage & phase sequence at CMS (verify with customer)
 Accomplish Transformer Report (TR)
A Transformer Rated 13200 V
A Transformer Rated 13200 Grd.Y/7620 V
A Transformer Rated 7620/13200Y V
 Available DT Banks at the Training Grounds

1) 3 – 15 kVA, 3600/6240Y – 120/240 Volts

2) 2 – 25 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 – 240/120 Volts

3) 3 – 100 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 – 120/240 x 139/277 Volts

4) 2 – 15 kVA, 34500Grd.Y/19920 – 240/120 Volts

5) 3- 10 kVA, 7620/13200Y – 120/240 Volts

6) 3- 15 kVA, 13200 – 120/240 Volts

7) 1-15 kVA, 13200Grd.Y/7620 - 240/120 Volts (Sub.)

1-10 kVA, 13200Grd.Y/7620 – 120/240 Volts (Add.)