CH 01 Lect 1

Profession
A Physician, a Civil Engineer and a Computer Scientist were arguing

about what was the oldest profession in the world.
 The Physician remarked,

"Well, in the Bible, it says that God created Eve from a rib taken out of Adam.
This clearly requires surgery, and so I can rightly claim that mine is the oldest
profession in the world."
 The Civil Engineer interrupted, and said,
" But even earlier in the book of Genesis, it states that God created the order of
the heavens and the earth from out of the chaos. This was the first and certainly
the most spectacular application of civil engineering. Therefore, fair doctor,
you are wrong; mine is the oldest profession in the world.“
 The Computer Scientist leaned back in the chair, smiled and
then said confidently,
"Ah, but what do you think created the chaos ? "
Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 1
Object-Oriented Software Engineering
Using UML, Patterns, and Java Chapter 1: Introduction
Objectives of the Class
 Appreciate Software Engineering:

 Build complex software systems in the context of frequent change
 Understand how to
 produce a high quality software system within time
 while dealing with complexity and change
 Acquire technical knowledge (main emphasis)
 Acquire managerial knowledge
 Understand the Software Lifecycle
 Process vs Product
 Learn about different software lifecycles
 Greenfield Engineering – from scratch,
Interface Engineering – a kind of Reengineering for legacy systems,
Reengineering – [Hammer & Champy, 1993]
Acquire Technical Knowledge
 Understand System Modeling
 Learn About Modeling
Using (~20% and some) Aspects of UML (Unified Modeling Language)
 Learn about modeling at different phases ofBrugge’s

software lifecycle:
 Requirements Elicitation [Chap. 4] –---------------------- Deliverable 1
 (Requirements) Analysis* [Chap 5] ----------------------- Deliverable 2
 Architectural Design [Chap 6 & 7] ----------------------- Deliverable 3
 Object/Component Design [Chap 8] ---------------------- Deliverable 4
 Coding [Chap 10] ---------------------- Deliverable 5
 Testing [Chap 11] ---------------------- Deliverable 6
(during demo)
* An old school of thought mixing the domain model with the solution model, being design-oriented, and in a
Waterfall fashion.
 Learn about Traceability among Models
 Learn how to use Tools: CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering)
e.g., Rational Rose

Readings
 Required:
 Bernd Bruegge, Allen Dutoit: “Object-Oriented Software
Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java”, Prentice Hall, 2003.
 Recommended:
 Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented
Analysis and Design and the Unified Process, 2nd ed., C. Larman
 Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides:
“Design Patterns”, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
 Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, “The Unified
Modeling Language User Guide”, Addison Wesley, 1999.
 K. Popper, “Objective Knowledge, an Evolutionary Approach,
Oxford Press, 1979.
 Additional books may be recommended during individuals lectures
Lecture Notes will adapt Bruegge’s,

but with additional points and questions
possibly from very different perspectives.
Outline of Today’s Lecture
 Software Engineering – Why, What and How?

 Modeling complex systems
 Functional vs. object-oriented decomposition
 Software Lifecycle Modeling
 Reuse:
 Design Patterns
 Frameworks
 Concluding remarks
Why Software Engineering?
9 software projects totaling $96.7 million: Where The Money Went

[Report to Congress, Comptroller General, 1979]
Delivered, but never

successfully used
45%
Used as delivered
2%
Usable w. rework
Paid for, but
3% not delivered
Used w. extensive rework, 30%
but later abandoned
20%
Take a look at the Standish

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Report
Object-Oriented (TheUsing“Chaos”
Software Engineering: UML, Patterns, andReport)
Java 7
Software Engineering: A Problem Solving Activity
 Analysis: Understand the nature of the problem and break the

problem into pieces
 Synthesis: Put the pieces together into a large structure
For problem solving we use

 Techniques (methods):
 Formal procedures for producing results using some well-defined
notation
 Methodologies:
 Collection of techniques applied across software development and
unified by a philosophical approach
 Tools:
 Instrument or automated systems to accomplish a technique
Isn’t there something moreObject-Oriented

fundamental
Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit than
Software Engineering: Usingproblem
UML, Patterns, and“solving”?
Java 8
Software Engineering: Definition
Software Engineering is a collection of techniques,

methodologies and tools that help
with the production of
 a high quality software system

 with a given budget
 before a given deadline
while change occurs.
Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 9 20
Scientist vs Engineer
 Computer Scientist
 Proves theorems about algorithms, designs languages, defines
knowledge representation schemes
 Has infinite time…
 Engineer
 Develops a solution for an application-specific problem for a client
 Uses computers & languages, tools, techniques and methods
 Software Engineer
 Works in multiple application domains
 Has only 3 months...
 …while changes occurs in requirements and available technology
Isn’t there something more fundamental about “Software” Engineer?
Factors affecting the quality of a software system
 Complexity:
 The system is so complex that no single programmer can understand it
anymore
 The introduction of one bug fix causes another bug
 Change:
 The “Entropy” of a software system increases with each change: Each
implemented change erodes the structure of the system which makes the
next change even more expensive (“Second Law of Software
Dynamics”).
 As time goes on, the cost to implement a change will be too high, and
the system will then be unable to support its intended task. This is true
of all systems, independent of their application domain or technological
base.
Complex Server Connections
Complex Message Flow
Dealing with Complexity
1. Abstraction
2. Decomposition
3. Hierarchy
What is this?
1. Abstraction
1. Models are used to provide abstractions 2. Decomposition
3. Hierarchy
 Inherent human limitation to deal with complexity
 The 7 +- 2 phenomena
 Chunking: Group collection of objects
 Ignore unessential details: => Models
What does this refer to?
 System Model:
 Object Model: What is the structure of the system? What are the objects and how
are they related?
 Functional model: What are the functions of the system? How is data flowing
through the system?
 Dynamic model: How does the system react to external events? How is the event flow
in the system ? In UML?
 Task Model:
 PERT Chart: What are the dependencies between the tasks?
 Schedule: How can this be done within the time limit?
 Org Chart: What are the roles in the project or organization?
 Issues Model:
 What are the open and closed issues? What constraints were posed by the client?
What resolutions were made?
Model-based software Engineering:
Code is a derivation of object model Is this a “problem”?
Problem Statement : A stock exchange lists many companies.

Each company is identified by a ticker symbol
Analysis phase results in object model (UML Class Diagram):
StockExchange * * Company
Lists tickerSymbol
Implementation phase results in code

public class StockExchange
{
public Vector m_Company = new Vector();

Where is the design, then?
};
public class Company

{
public int m_tickerSymbol

public Vector m_StockExchange = new Vector();
};
A good software engineer writes as little code as possible

Example of an Issue: Galileo vs the Church
 What is the center of the Universe?
 Church: The earth is the center of the universe. Why? Aristotle says
so.
 Galileo: The sun is the center of the universe. Why? Copernicus

says so. Also, the Jupiter’s moons rotate round Jupiter, not around
Earth.
Issue-Modeling
Issue:
What is the Resolution (1615):
Resolution (1998): Center of the The church
The church declares Universe? decides proposal 1
proposal 1 was wrong is right
Proposal1: Proposal2:
The earth! The sun!
Pro: Pro:
Aristotle Con:
Copernicus
Jupiter’s moons rotate
says so. says so.
around Jupiter, not
Pro: around Earth.

Change will disturb
the people. Anything missing?
1. Abstraction
2. Decomposition 2. Decomposition
3. Hierarchy
 A technique used to master complexity (“divide and conquer”)

 Functional decomposition
 The system is decomposed into modules
 Each module is a major processing step (function) in the application
domain
 Modules can be decomposed into smaller modules
 Object-oriented decomposition
 The system is decomposed into classes (“objects”)
 Each class is a major abstraction in the application domain
 Classes can be decomposed into smaller classes
Which decomposition is the right one?

Functional Decomposition
System
Function Top Level functions
Produce
Read Input Transform Level 1 functions
Output
Produce Level 2 functions

Read Input Transform
Output
Load R10 Add R1, R10 Machine Instructions
Is this about the requirements

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit orSoftware
Object-Oriented a design?
Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 21
Functional Decomposition
 Functionality is spread all over the system

 Maintainer must understand the whole system to make a single
change to the system
 Consequence:
 Codes are hard to understand
 Code that is complex and impossible to maintain
 User interface is often awkward and non-intuitive
 Example: Microsoft Powerpoint’s Autoshapes
Functional Decomposition: Autoshape
Autoshape
Mouse Change Draw

click
Change Change Change

Rectangle Oval Circle
Draw Draw Draw

Rectangle Oval Circle
How is this different from OO?

How are Functionally-Oriented systems different from OO systems?
OO-Decomposition - Class Identification
 Class identification is crucial to object-oriented modeling
 Basic assumption:
1. We can find the classes for a new software system: We call this
Greenfield Engineering
2. We can identify the classes in an existing system: We call this
Reengineering
3. We can create a class-based interface to any system: We call this
Interface Engineering
 Why can we do this? Philosophy, science, experimental
evidence
 What are the limitations? Depending on the purpose of the
system different objects might be found
 How can we identify the purpose of a system?
Then, depending on the purpose, could a functional decomposition be better than an OO decomposition?
Which is UML
Bernd Bruegge & Allenfor, functional- or OO-decomposition?
H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 24
Model of an Eskimo
Eskimo
Size
Dress()
Smile()
Sleep()
Shoe
* Coat
Size Size
Color Color
Type Type
Wear() Wear()
Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Is this a good model?

Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 25
Iterative Modeling then leads to ....
Eskimo
lives in
Size Outside
Dress() moves Temperature
Cave around Light
Smile()
Lighting Sleep() Season
Enter() Hunt()
Leave() Organize()
*
Entrance
Windhole MainEntrance
Diameter Size
but is it the right model?

Alternative Model: The Head of an Indian
Indian
Hair
Dress()
Smile()
Sleep()
Face Mouth
Ear Nose NrOfTeeths
Size * smile() Size
open()
listen() close_eye()
speak()
Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Is this a good model?

1. Abstraction
3. Hierarchy 2. Decomposition
3. Hierarchy
 2 important hierarchies
 "Part of" hierarchy
 "Is-kind-of" hierarchy
Part of Hierarchy
Computer
I/O Devices CPU Memory
Cache ALU Program

Counter
Is-Kind-of Hierarchy (Taxonomy)
Cell
Muscle Cell Blood Cell Nerve Cell
Striate Smooth Red White Cortical Pyramidal
Any issue?
So where are we right now?
 Three ways to deal with complexity:

 Abstraction
 Decomposition
 Hierarchy
 Object-oriented decomposition is a good methodology
 Unfortunately, depending on the purpose of the system, different
objects can be found
 How can we do it right?
 Many different possibilities
 Our current approach: Start with a description of the functionality
(Use case model), then proceed to the object model
 This leads us to the software lifecycle
*An old school of thought mixing the domain model with the solution model, being design-oriented, and in a Waterfall fashion.
Software Lifecycle Definition
 Software lifecycle:
 Set of activities and their relationships to each other to support the
development of a software system
 Typical Lifecycle questions:

 Which activities should I select for the software project?
 What are the dependencies between activities?
 How should I schedule the activities?
Software Lifecycle Activities
Deliverable 0
Deliverable 1 Deliverable 2 Deliverable 3 Deliverable 4 Deliverable 5 Deliverable 6
Requirements Requirements System Object Implemen-

Testing
Elicitation Analysis Design Design tation
Implemented
Expressed in By
Structured By Realized By
Terms Of Verified
By
class...
class...
class... ?
class.... ?
Use Case Application Solution
Domain SubSystems Source Test
Model Domain
Objects Code Cases
Objects
Each activity produces one or

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit
more models
Reusability: Design Patterns and Frameworks
 Design Pattern:
 A small set of classes that provide a template solution to a recurring
design problem
 Reusable design knowledge on a higher level than data structures
(link lists, binary trees, etc)
 Framework:
 A moderately large set of classes that collaborate to carry out a set
of responsibilities in an application domain.
 Examples: User Interface Builder
 Provide architectural guidance during the design phase
 Provide a foundation for software components industry
Summary
 Software engineering is a problem solving activity

 Developing quality software for a complex problem within a limited
time while things are changing
 There are many ways to deal with complexity
 Modeling, decomposition, abstraction, hierarchy
 Issue models: Show the negotiation aspects
 System models: Show the technical aspects
 Task models: Show the project management aspects
 Use Patterns: Reduce complexity even further
 Many ways to deal with change
 Tailor the software lifecycle to deal with changing project
conditions
 Use a nonlinear software lifecycle to deal with changing
requirements or changing technology
 Provide configuration management to deal with changing entities
Additional Slides
Software Production has a Poor Track Record
Example: Space Shuttle Software
 Cost: $10 Billion, millions of dollars more than planned

 Time: 3 years late
 Quality: First launch of Columbia was cancelled because of a
synchronization problem with the Shuttle's 5 onboard
computers.
 Error was traced back to a change made 2 years earlier when a
programmer changed a delay factor in an interrupt handler from
50 to 80 milliseconds.
 The likelihood of the error was small enough, that the error caused
no harm during thousands of hours of testing.
 Substantial errors still exist.
 Astronauts are supplied with a book of known software problems
"Program Notes and Waivers".
Take a look at the Standish

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Report
Object-Oriented Software (The
Engineering: “Chaos”
Using UML, Patterns, and Java Report) 37
Reusability
 A good software design solves a specific problem but is general

enough to address future problems (for example, changing
requirements)
 Experts do not solve every problem from first principles
 They reuse solutions that have worked for them in the past
 Goal for the software engineer:

 Design the software to be reusable across application domains and
designs
 How?
 Use design patterns and frameworks whenever possible
Patterns are used by many people
 Chess Master:  Software Engineer

 Openings  Composite Pattern: A collection
 Middle games of objects needs to be treated
like a single object
 End games
 Adapter Pattern (Wrapper):
 Writer Interface to an existing system
 Tragically Flawed Hero  Bridge Pattern: Interface to an
(Macbeth, Hamlet) existing system, but allow it to
 Romantic Novel be extensible
 User Manual
 Architect
 Office Building
 Commercial Building
 Private Home

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Profession

A Physician, a Civil Engineer and a Computer Scientist were arguing

 The Physician remarked,

 Appreciate Software Engineering:

 Learn about modeling at different phases ofBrugge’s

 Learn how to use Tools: CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering)

e.g., Rational Rose

Lecture Notes will adapt Bruegge’s,

 Software Engineering – Why, What and How?

9 software projects totaling $96.7 million: Where The Money Went

Delivered, but never

Take a look at the Standish

 Analysis: Understand the nature of the problem and break the

For problem solving we use

Isn’t there something moreObject-Oriented

Software Engineering is a collection of techniques,

 a high quality software system

while change occurs.

Isn’t there something more fundamental about “Software” Engineer?

 The introduction of one bug fix causes another bug

Problem Statement : A stock exchange lists many companies.

Implementation phase results in code

public Vector m_Company = new Vector();

public class Company

public int m_tickerSymbol

A good software engineer writes as little code as possible

 What is the center of the Universe?

 Galileo: The sun is the center of the universe. Why? Copernicus

Pro: around Earth.

 A technique used to master complexity (“divide and conquer”)

Which decomposition is the right one?

Produce Level 2 functions

Load R10 Add R1, R10 Machine Instructions

Is this about the requirements

 Functionality is spread all over the system

 Example: Microsoft Powerpoint’s Autoshapes

Mouse Change Draw

Change Change Change

Draw Draw Draw

How is this different from OO?

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Is this a good model?

but is it the right model?

Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Is this a good model?

I/O Devices CPU Memory

Cache ALU Program

Muscle Cell Blood Cell Nerve Cell

Striate Smooth Red White Cortical Pyramidal

 Three ways to deal with complexity:

 Typical Lifecycle questions:

Requirements Requirements System Object Implemen-

Each activity produces one or

 Software engineering is a problem solving activity

 Cost: $10 Billion, millions of dollars more than planned

Take a look at the Standish

 A good software design solves a specific problem but is general

 Goal for the software engineer:

 Chess Master:  Software Engineer

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