1890s - 1900s

Origin
• The movement began in the United States in response to
crowding in tenement districts,
• 1890s - 1900s

 BEAUTIFICATION & MONUMENTAL GRANDEUR

 Moral & Civic virtue among its citizen.
 Livability : BREATHING SPACES

 Contemporary BEAUX-ARTS
 Neoclassical
ORDER- DIGNITY -HARMONY
DANIEL BURNHAM
• Was one of the proponents of the City Beautiful Movement,

• 1893 “World’s Columbian Exposition “

• “White City”- the fair’s temporary city,

• a harmony of Neoclassical and Baroque architecture from
the collaborative designs of architects from the École des
Beaux-Arts in Paris.
 City Beautiful Movement advocates….
• 1) social ills would be swept away, as the beauty of the city would inspire
civic loyalty and moral rectitude in the impoverished;

• 2) American cities would be brought to cultural parity with their European

competitors through the use of the European Beaux-Arts idiom;

• 3) a more inviting city center still would not bring the upper classes back
to live, but certainly to work and spend money in the urban areas.
PHILOSOPHIES

• Design could not be separated from social issues and should

encourage civic pride and engagement.

• Beautification of a city must also be functional

 CHICAGO
• -World’s Columbian Exposition

- The landscape of the Columbian exposition, which included lagoons

and big green expenses, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

- The city beautiful concept focused on incorporating a civic centre, parks

and grand boulevards.

- It included an extensive rail system, a bi-level boulevard for

commercial and regular traffic (what is now Wacker Drive), and a
sprawling network of parks.

- The lakefront, in particular, was an important component of the

proposed plan; a park and trail were constructed to run near the
shore of Lake Michigan.
- The plan involved a 60-mile (95-kilometre) radius in which
avenues would extend out from a civic centre.
The White City
 Plan of central Chicago View, looking west, of the proposed Civic Center

• The project was begun in 1906 by the Merchants Club, which merged with the Commercial Club of Chicago, a group of prominent
businessmen who recognized the necessity of improvements to the fast-growing city. They retained Daniel H. Burnham, an
architect who had managed the construction of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the fair, he had
presented ideas for improving Chicago's lakefront, and had worked on city plans for Washington, D.C., Cleveland, San Francisco,
and Manila and Baguio in the Philippines. Burnham retained Edward Bennett as co-author, and a small staff to help prepare the
plan. Charles Moore edited the finished manuscript, and renderer Jules Guérin created several birds-eye views for the full-color
document, which was printed in lavish book form and presented to the city in July 1909.
Aspects of the plan
The Burnham Plan focused on 6 major elements

• Improvement of the lakefront

• Foremost among the plan's goals was reclaiming the lakefront for the public. “The Lakefront by right belongs to the people,"
wrote Burnham. "Not a foot of its shores should be appropriated to the exclusion of the people.”

• A regional highway system

• he plan considered Chicago as the centre of a region extending 75 miles (120 km) from the city centre. At the dawn of the
automobile age, the plan diagrammed both radial and circumferential highways for the region. However, the agencies who built
and improved highways in the 1910s and 1920s do not appear to have been guided to build along the specific routes
recommended in the plan.
Aspects of the plan
• Improvement of railway terminals
• The plan drew on technical studies previously done by others, including a plan for competing railroads to pool usage of tracks for
greater efficiency in freight handling. In addition, the plan detailed the consolidation of Chicago's six intercity railroad passenger
terminals into new complexes west of the Loop and south of Roosevelt Road.

• New outer parks

• The movement to purchase and preserve the natural areas that became the Cook County Forest Preserves was well under way as
the plan was being written. The plan includes those proposals and also calls for the expansion of the city's park and boulevard
system, which had been first established in the 1870s.
Aspects of the plan
• Systematic arrangement of streets
• New wider arterials were prescribed to relieve traffic congestion and beautify the fast growing city, including a network of new
diagonal streets. One of these diagonals was constructed: the extension of Ogden Avenue and there are several other diagonal
streets throughout the city. Many of the plan's street recommendations were followed. The city renovated, widened, and
extended Michigan Avenue, widened Roosevelt Road, and created Wacker Drive and Congress Parkway. With the growth in
automobile usage after World War I, Chicago planners began to drastically alter or step away from Burnham's proposals for the
street system.

• Civic and cultural centers

• The most iconic image of the plan was the new civic center proposed for the area around Congress and Halsted Streets.
However, city officials who preferred the convenience of a Loop location never seriously pursued the proposal. At the
east end of Congress Street, which would become the central axis of the reshaped city, Burnham proposed a cultural
center in Grant Park consisting of the new Field Museum of Natural History and new homes for the Art Institute of
Chicago and the Crerar Library. This proposal, however, placed Burnham and other civic leaders in conflict with a state
supreme court decision forbidding any new buildings in Grant Park.
 Suggested docks at the
Diagram of a system
mouth of the Chicago
Plan of a park of freight handling
River
 Theoretical diagram of street circulation

Suggested location and

Intersection of the three
arrangement of railway passenger
branches of the Chicago River
stations
White City
 View of Chicago greater metropolitan region and the North branch of the Chicago River from the Willis Tower

"White City" buildings in the World's Columbian

Replica of Daniel Chester French's Statue
of the Republic at the site of the World's
Columbian Exposition.
Clockwise from top: Downtown
Chicago, the Chicago Theatre,
the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park,
the Field Museum, and Willis Tower.
Exposition(1893) widely displayed and inspired the City
Beautiful movement, influencing architecture with
such Beaux-Arts structures as the Museum of Science
and Industry building.
 The Chicago River, with the Near North Side and Streeterville on the right, the Chicago
Loop, Lakeshore East, and Illinois Center on the left, and Trump Tower at the jog in the river in
the center. This view is looking west from Lake Shore Drive's Outer Drive Bridge.

Location of Chicago in Cook County and

DuPage County, Illinois.

Chicago July 10, 2012, from John Hancock Center looking south.
CHICAGO MASTER PLAN
Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive
Wacker Drive
 Washington, D.C
• -In 1902, became the first to carry out a
City Beautiful design, the Mcmillan Plan.

• It imposed building height limits and

positioned new structures and monuments

• to create a balanced aerial composition.

WASHINGTON D.C. -PRESENT-
 European Inspiration
• The City Beautiful movement began as an attempt to
bring American cities to a cultural parity with European
counterparts using the Beaux-Arts style. Many of the
top architects in the United States practicing during
the second half of the 19th century had been trained at
the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in
Paris, France including Richard Morris Hunt, Charles
Follen McKim (of McKim, Mead, & White), and
Henry Hobson Richardson. The Beaux-Arts style,
considered dignified and beautiful, was embodied by
such European architectural monuments as Nouvel
Opéra de Paris by Charles Garnier in Paris.
• France and Palais de Justice (Fig. 2) by JosephPoelaert in Brussels, Belgium.
• The City Beautiful movement also looked to examples in Europe of “broad public
squares and avenues surrounded by buildings in a coordinated architectural style”
such as Trafalgar Square (Fig. 3) in London.
• England; Place Dom Pedro (Fig. 4) in Lisbon
• Portugal; Place de la Concorde, Avenue des Champs-Élysées, the Louvre, and
Palais Royal (Fig. 5) in Paris, France
• Unter den Linden (Fig. 6) inBerlin, Germany.
BRASILIA
Brasilia
BRASILIA
• Brasilia, a capital created in the center of the country in 1956, was a landmark in
the history of town planning.

• Urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer intended that every
element – from the layout of the residential and administrative districts (often
compared to the shape of a bird in flight) to the symmetry of the buildings
themselves – should be in harmony with the city’s overall design.

• The official buildings, in particular, are innovative and imaginative.

Lucio Costa

Oscar Niemeyer
Criterion
• Brazilia - an expression in 20th century of urban principle of modernist movement
• Created as the Brazilian capital in the central western part of the country from
1956 to 1960 as part of President Juscelino Kubitschek’s national modernization
project, the city brought together ideas of grand administrative centers and public
spaces with new ideas of urban living as promoted by Le Corbusier in six storey
housing blocks (quadras) supported on pylons which allowed the landscape to flow
beneath and around them.
• City is the architectural design of Oscar niemeyer including the buildings of the 3
powers:
• The presidential palace
• Supreme court
• Congress ( senate building and house representatives)
Presidential Palace

Juscelino Kubitschek
National Congress of Brazil Cathedral of Brasilia
Integrity:

• Lucio Costa as pilot project of the city, remains wholly and preserved both physical
and symbolic aspects of brazilia.

• Urban framework of Brazilian includes all elements that requires to demonstrate

outstanding universal value.
Authenticity

• The authenticity of Brasilia is guaranteed through maintenance of its architecture,

urban design, and landscapes, all of which represent a new approach to urban
living, reaffirmed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer on the basis of the
Modernist Movement’s principles for 20th century architecture and urbanism.
The primary attributes of the Pilot Project
(Plano Piloto)
• The intersection of two axes and the hierarchical distribution of the road system.
• The division of the city into sectors with their respective characteristics and end
uses, the network of open and green spaces.
• The Esplanade of the Ministries and representative structures that make up the
Monumental Axis.
• The superblocks organized on the basis of neighborhood units.
• Oscar Niemeyer’s architectural designs of the key representative buildings.
Plano Piloto
de Brasilia
Protection and management requirements
• 1960- any proposed changes in pilot project must be submitted to federal senate
• 1981- working group for the preservation of hiatorical, cultural and natural heritage of
brazilia was established
• 1990- urban framework of brazilia was officially recognized as a natural historical
heritage site
• Protection of urban framework of brazilia is governed by a series of legal instrument
intended to ensure its preservation on three operational levels: local, federal, global.
Brasilia (1960)
• To address these challenges and recognizing that the preservation and protection
of the Urban Framework of Brasilia cannot be disassociated from the city’s urban
development, an Urban Framework Preservation Plan for Brasilia (Plano de
Preservação do Conjunto Urbanístico de Brasília – PPCUB) will be the primary
instrument for planning, preserving, and managing the protected area and for
coordinating the measures and agents involved in Brasilia’s urban development.
Grand design
The use of strong axial geometry is a theme common to most planned capital cities, in part
because it brings instant prestige to the buildings that are constructed, and it allows for
ceremonial spaces and processional routes. Looking at a city such as London, which has
evolved over time rather than through a grand design plan, one can identify equivalent spaces
and routes, but the famous Wren plan for rebuilding the city after the great fire still proposed the
same axial arrangement of boulevards and piazzas that give prominence to the key government
buildings – so this approach to the design of the most significant cities is not a twentieth century
invention. Brasilia is a classic example – while axes and long views continued to dominate, the
plan breaks from Beaux Arts precedents by giving increased importance to terminating plazas,
where there is a complex juxtaposition of buildings and framed landscape views, rather than a
simple use of terminating buildings.
Thank you!
References
• http://vancouverpublicspace.ca/2016/02/04/the-city-beautiful-movement-urban-design-and-moral-well-being/

• Stelter GA (2000) Rethinking the significance of the City Beautiful idea. In; Freestone R, Urban planning in a changing world: The twentieth century experience. Taylor & Francis, pp. 98–117.

• https://www.britannica.com/topic/City-Beautiful-movement

• Meek, Margaret Anne. “History Of The City Beautiful Movement In Canada, 1890-1930”. University of British Columbia, 1978. Print.

• https://www.britannica.com/topic/civic-virtue

• http://www.manilatimes.net/city-beautiful-movement-importance-breathing-spaces/136256/

• https://ia802304.us.archive.org/22/items/planofchicago00burnuoft/planofchicago00burnuoft.pdf

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Chicago

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement

• https://www.britannica.com/topic/City-Beautiful-movement

• http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/61.html
WHITE CITY
Daniel H. Burnham
WHITE CITY
Daniel H. Burnham
References:
• https://ia802304.us.archive.org/22/items/planofchicago00burnuoft/planofchicago00burnuoft.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Chicago
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/City-Beautiful-movement
• http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/61.html