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CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
2 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Stress and Strain
David F. Mazurek
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Contents
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Normal Strain
P
stress
2P P
P
A 2A A A
2
normal strain
L L 2L L
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Stress-Strain Test
Photo 2.2 Universal test machine used to test Photo 2.3 Elongated tensile test
tensile specimens. specimen having load P and deformed
length L > L0.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Fatigue
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
P2 15 103 lb
P3 30 103 lb
Pi Li 1 P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
A
i i iE E 1A A 2 A 3
1
60 103 12 15 103 12 30 103 16
6
29 10 0. 9 0 .9 0.3
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.
D 0.300 mm
BB BH
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0.300 mm x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
E
400 73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
Pi Li 1.125 109
L
i Ai Ei E
δR
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
A
i i iE E
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
1.125 109 1.95 103 RB
0
E E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
RA 323 kN
RB 577 kN
Poisson’s Ratio
Shearing Strain
P 36.0 kips
Composite Materials
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials are fabricated
by embedding fibers of a strong, still material into a
weaker, softer material called a matrix.
Fig. 2.44 Orthotropic Fiber- • The three components of strain x, y, and z for
reinforced composite material
under uniaxial tensile load.
orthotropic materials can be expressed in terms of
normal stress only and do not depend upon any
shearing stresses.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
x
x n y n z
C D
z d 1.600 10 3 in./in. 9 in.
E E E
C D 14.4 10 3 in.
1 1
12 ksi 0 20 ksi
10 106 psi 3
t y t 1.067 10 3 in./in. 0.75 in.
0.533 10 3 in./in. t 0.800 10 3 in.
n x y n z
y
E E E
3
• Find the change in volume
1.067 10 in./in.
e x y z 1.067 10 3 in 3/in 3
n x n y
z z V eV 1.067 10 3 15 15 0.75 in 3
E E E
1.600 10 3 in./in. V 0.187 in 3
Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
Fig. 2.49 Stress distributions in a
application except in the immediate
plate under concentrated axial loads. vicinity of load application points.
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SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Figure 2.52.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.
36.3 103 N
P 36.3 kN
Elastoplastic Materials
• Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
• Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
Fig. 2.53 Stress-strain diagram for an elastoplastic material
idealized elastoplastic material.
Plastic Deformations
Residual Stresses
36 10-3 in.
90 10-3 in.
Fig. 2.55 (a) Rod load-deflection response
with elastic unloading (red dashed line). (b)
Tube load-deflection response. Given loading P Pr Pt
does not yield tube so unloading is along the
original elastic loading line. (c) Combined r t
rod-tube assembly load deflection response
with elastic unloading (red dashed line).
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