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1) an air parcel;
2) a cloud;
3) the atmosphere;
4) an air mass etc.
Assumptions:
Z
z
m
Z mz
Z mi zi
i
* A system can exchange energy with its surroundings through
two mechanisms:
W pdSdn pdV
p: the pressure exerted by the surroundings over the system
f ( z1 , z2 , z3 ) 0.
A pure substance only has two degrees of freedom. Any two state
variables fix the thermodynamic state,
* Any third state variable as a function of the two independent
state variables forms a state surface of the thermodynamic
states, i.e.,
z3 g ( z1 , z2 ).
2.6 Thermodynamic process
dz 0 .
2.7 Equation of state for ideal gases
2.7.1 How to obtain the ideal gas equation?
pV const (1)
Vs V0 s
pV psVs ,
T T0
Combine them,
pV psV0 s
(3)
T T0
Divide (3) by the molar abundance (or number of moles)
m
n
M
which is constant since the mass (m) and molecular weight (M)
are constant, we have
pV pV
s 0s (4)
Tn T0 n
* For a standard condition,
psV0 s
R* 8.3143 Jmol 1K 1
T0 n
pV nR T * (5)
2.7.2 Equivalent forms of ideal gas equation
V 1
v
m
, is the density,
(6) can be also written as
pv RT , or p RT (7)
2.7.3 Equation of state for mixture of ideal gases
Each gas obeys its own state equation, for the i th gas
Sum (9) over all gases in the mixture, and apply Dalton’s law,
p pi
i
we get the equation of state for the mixture,
pV m RT (10)
m mi
i
m R i i
R i is the mean specific gas constant
m
The mean molecular weight of the mixture is defined by
n M i i m i
m
M i
i
(11)
n n n
Since
mi
n ni
i i Mi
R*m R *m R*
M
mi ( R / M i ) mi Ri R
i
*
i
The absolute concentration of the i th gas is measured by its density i .
mi ni M i Mi
Ni
m n M M
The mixing ratio is used to measure the relative concentration of the
i th gas over dry air, e.g., the mass mixing ratio is defined in form,
mi
ri (13)
md
md is the mass of dry air; ri is dimensionless and expressed in g kg 1
for tropospheric water vapor.
Since the mass of air in the presence of water vapor and ozone is virtually
identical to the mass of dry air, (13) can be related to the molar fraction,
mi ni M i ni n M i
ri N i i (14)
md nd M d n nd M d
Mi n
where i , 1
Md nd
We can also have the volume mixing ratio related to the molar fraction,
Vi Vi Ni
(15)
Vd V Vi 1 N i
(d)
2.8 Atmospheric composition
we have
dp
g (16)
dz