CAVITATION SHOTLESS

PEENING

Presented by:
DILIP.S
S7 ME
 INTRODUCTION
 Cavitation normally causes severe damage in hydraulic
machinery, Such as pumps, hydro turbines, and valves.
However, impact as cavitation bubbles collapse can be
utilized to peen the surface of metallic materials in order to
improve the fatigue strength as is commonly done with
shot peening. Peening by means of cavitation impact can
peen the surface without the use of shot. Hence, it is a kind
of shotless peening, and can be called ‘‘cavitation shotless
peening.’’ The great advantage of cavitation shotless
peening is that the peened surface is less rough compared
with shot peening, since there are no solid body collisions
involved. This means that the remarkable effects of
peening can also be produced in soft metals.
 PRINCIPLE
 Cavitation is a phase change phenomenon, which
means the water vaporizes due to a decrease in
pressure by increasing the flow velocity. longitudinal
cavitation, which consists of tiny longitudinal
cavitation bubbles, as shown in Figure 1, causes
severe cavitation impact (Soyama et al. 1994). This
means that longitudinal cavitation can be useful for
cavitation impact applications.
CAVITATING JET APPARATUS
 WORKING
 Tap water was installed in a header tank and it was pressurized by a plunger pump.
The maximum capacity of the pump was 5 x 10 -4 m3/min and 35 MPa. The water
was injected into a water filled test section through a nozzle and returned to the
header tank through a filter. The nozzle was cylindrical, with a throat diameter ‘d’
of 2 mm and a throat length ‘l’ of 6 mm. The standoff distance ‘s’ is defined as the
length from the upstream corner of the nozzle throat to the surface of the test
specimen. The upstream and downstream pressures were measured by pressure
transducers. The test specimen was exposed to the cavitating jet for cavitation
shotless peening. The specimen was set perpendicularly to the jet axis and could be
moved across the jet at various scanning speeds n. The specimen could also be
rotated with a pitch of 2 mm, so that the specimen moves 2 mm with each complete
rotation as shown in Fig. 2. The exposure time t to the cavitating jet is defined as
the exposure time per unit length from the scanning speed v as follows:
 t = n/v ……. (1)
 where n is the number of scans.
SCANNING OF SPECIMEN BY CAVITATING JET
 TYPES OF CAVITATING JETS:
 Normal water jet
 Cavitating jet in air
 Cavitating jet in water
 NORMAL WATER JET

 Normal water jet is a

simple cylindrical
nozzle
 This type of jet is less
powerful compared to
other two
 Exposure time is more
resulting in erosion of
surface
 CAVITATING JET IN WATER
 Cavitating jet in water is
similar to normal water
jet except the whole
arrangement is placed in
a water filled chamber as
shown in the fig
 Erosion of the surface is
less compared to normal
water jet
 CAVITATING JET IN AIR
 A cavitating jet in air was
produced by injecting a high-
speed water jet into a
concentric low-speed water jet.
 A typical ring erosion pattern of
a cavitating jet was obtained
by the cavitating jet in air, as
shown in Fig.
 The surface modification of
cavitation peening, the surface
was not eroded, as the
exposure time as very short.
 Most powerful jet
 COMPARISON BETWEEN SHOT PEENING & CSP
 Although shot peening is an effective way of
improving the fatigue strength of metallic machine
components, unfortunately, shot produces
industrial waste and the danger of dust explosion.
A peening method without shot using the
cavitation impact induced by a cavitation bubble
collapsing is called ‘cavitation peening’. In order
to demonstrate the improvement in the fatigue
strength of gears by cavitation peening, gears
treated by cavitation peening and shot peening
were investigated using a power circulating-type
gear tester. Under the conditions used here, the
improvement in the fatigue torque of a test gear
treated by shot peening was 12% compared with
that of a nNP gear, while that of a gear treated by
cavitation peening was 24%. Thus, the fatigue
strength of gears treated by cavitation peening
was increased, with double the improvement
gained by shot peening. It can be concluded that
cavitation peening is a more effective surface
modification method than shot peening.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SHOT PEENING & CSP
 ADVANTAGES
 Penned surface is less rough compared
with shot peening.
 It eliminate the chemical washing.
 Improves the fatigue strength of aluminum
alloy.
 Improves the corrosion resistance of steel.
 Introduces compressive residual stresses
 APPLICATIONS
 Peen Forming of Duralumin Plate by Using a
Cavitating Jet in Air.
 Improvement of fatigue strength on stainless
steel by cavitating jet in air.
 The practical use of cavitating jet for gettering in
silicon wafer.
 Improvement of residual stress on material
surface by water jet peening.
 Improvement of corrosion resistance of carbon
steel surface by cavitating jet.
 CONCLUSION
A shot-free surface modification method was
proposed for the improvement of fatigue strength
in metallic materials to enable lightweight
transport equipment to be developed in a more
sustainable way. Although shot peening is an
effective way of improving the fatigue strength of
metallic machine components, unfortunately,
shot produces industrial waste and the danger of
dust explosion. A peening method without shot
using the cavitation impact induced by a
cavitation bubble collapsing is more
considerable