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1. What is modulation?
1. What is modulation?
To avoid interference
M1(f)
M(f) Multiplexed
f
signal
0
+
M2(f)
0 f1 f2
f
f
0
2. Practicality of Antennas
4. Digital modulation -
Examples: Pulse Code Modulation, Delta
Modulation,Adaptive Delta Modulation
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
sm (t ) Am cos mt
3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as
4 By substitution
Am
m
Ac
6 Therefore The full AM signal may be
written as
mAc mAc
s(t ) Ac (cos ct ) cos( c m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth
fc-fm fC fc+fm
2fm
8. Draw Frequency Spectrum for a complex input
signal with AM
8. Draw Frequency Spectrum for a complex input
signal with AM
fc-fm fc fc+fm
Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal
Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the
original signal:
BW = 2 x 5 KHz = 10 KHz
AM Radio Band
9.Modulation
What is theIndex (m)
significance of modulation index ?
sidebands power m2 / 2 m2
total power 1 m / 2 2 m2
2
fc-fm fc fc+fm
• All the transmitted power is contained in the two sidebands
(no carrier present).
Sm(t) S1(t)
AM Modulator 1
Sm(t) Accos(ct)
S(t)
Carrier
DSB-SC
Accos(ct)
AM Modulator 2
-Sm(t) S2(t)
• The two modulators are identical except for the sign
reversal of the input to one of them. Thus,
s1 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos( ct )
s2 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos(ct )
s(t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t )
2mAc cos( mt ) cos( ct )
COHERENT (SYNCHRONOUS) DETECTOR OR
DSB-SC (PRODUCT DETECTOR)
v(t) vo(t)
DSB-SC Signal s(t) X LPF
Cosct
Local Oscillator
Ac
1 cos 2 c t
2 Am cos( mt )
2
Am cos( mt ) Am cos( mt ) cos( 2 c t )
since sm (t ) Am cos( mt )
sm(t) sm(t ) cos ( 2 c t)
Unwanted term(removed by LPF)
• It is necessary to have synchronization in both frequency
and phase between the transmitter (modulator) & receiver
(demodulator), when DSB-SC modulation ,which is of the
coherent type, is used.
Both phase and frequency must be known to demodulate
DSB-SC waveforms.
LACK OF PHASE SYNCHRONISATION
sm (t )cos cos2 ct
Ac
2
Output of LPF
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t ) cos
2
But we want just
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t )
2
Due to lack of phase synchronization, we will see that the
wanted signal at the output of LPF will be attenuated by an
amount of cos.
In other words, phase error causes an attenuation of the
output signal proportional to the cosine of the phase error.
The worst scenario is when =/2, which will give rise to
zero or no output at the output of the LPF.
LACK OF FREQUENCY SYNCHRONISATION
Ac sm (t ) cos ct cos c D t
( )2 PLL BPF 2
DSB-SC
- Less transmitted power than full AM and all the transmitted
power is useful.
- Requires a coherent carrier at the receiver; This results in
increased complexity in the detector(i.e. synchroniser)
- Suited for point to point communication involving one
transmitter and one receiver which would justify the use of
increased receiver complexity.
Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
SSB
- Good bandwidth utilization (message signal bandwidth =
modulated signal bandwidth)
- Good power efficiency
- Demodulation is harder as compares to full AM; Exact
filter design and coherent demodulation are required
- Preferred in long distance transmission of voice signals
Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
VSB
- Offers a compromise between SSB and DSB-SC
- VSB is standard for transmission of TV and similar signals
- Bandwidth saving can be significant if modulating signals
are of large bandwidth as in TV and wide band data
signals.
• For example with TV the bandwidth of the modulating
signal can extend up to 5.5MHz; with full AM the
bandwidth required is 11MHz