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Displacement vs. Distance
• Distance is the length of the path that an
object travels
• Displacement is the change in position of
an object
Describing Motion
Describing motion requires a frame of reference
http://www.sfu.ca/phys/100/lectures/lecture5/lecture5.html
Determining Displacement
In these examples, position is determined with
respect to the origin, displacement wrt x1
http://www.sfu.ca/phys/100/lectures/lecture5/lecture5.html
Indicating Direction of Displacement
Direction can be indicated by sign, degrees, or
geographical directions.
Positive Right Up
displacement
average velocity =
time interval
Dx x f - xi
v= =
Dt t
Velocity
• Example
• A squirrel runs in a straight line, westerly
direction from one tree to another,
covering 55 meters in 32 seconds.
Calculate the squirrel’s average velocity
• vavg = ∆x / ∆t
• vavg = 55 m / 32 s
• vavg = 1.7 m/s west
Velocity can be represented graphically:
Position Time Graphs
Velocity can be interpreted
graphically: Position Time Graphs
Find the average velocity between t = 3 min to t = 8 min
Calculate the average velocity for
the entire trip
Formative Assessment:
Position-Time Graphs
Object at rest?
Traveling slowly in a
positive direction?
Traveling in a
negative direction?
Traveling quickly in a
positive direction?
dev.physicslab.org
Average vs. Instantaneous Velocity
• Velocity at any given moment in time or
at a specific point in the object’s path
Position-time when velocity is not
constant
Average velocity compared to
instantaneous velocity
www.gcsescience.com
Velocity-Time Graph
• Is this object accelerating?
• How do you know?
• What can you say about its motion?
• What feature of the graph represents
acceleration?
www.gcsescience.com
Velocity-Time Graph
dev.physicslab.org
Displacement with Constant
Acceleration (C)
x vi v f
vavg and vavg
t 2
Since vavg vavg
x vi v f
Then
t 2
vi v f
Thus x t
2
x vi v f t
1
Or
2
Displacement on v-t Graphs
How can you find displacement on the v-t graph?
x
v , so x vt
t
Displacement on v-t Graphs
x vt
Displacement is
the area under the
line!
Graphical Representation of
Displacement during Constant
Acceleration
Displacement on a Non-linear v-t graph
v f vi 2ax
2 2
x v
x x f xi vavg a
t t
1
x (vi v f )t v f vi at
2
1
x vi t at v f vi 2ax
2 2 2
2
2.3 Falling Objects
Objectives
1. Relate the motion of a freely falling body
to motion with constant acceleration.
2. Calculate displacement, velocity, and
time at various points in the motion of a
freely falling object.
3. Compare the motions of different objects
in free fall.
Motion Graphs of Free Fall
What do motion graphs of an object in
free fall look like?
Motion Graphs of Free Fall
What do motion graphs of an object in
free fall look like?
x-t graph v-t graph
Do you think a heavier object falls
faster than a lighter one?
Why or why not?
Yes because …. No, because ….
Free Fall
• In the absence of air resistance, all objects
fall to earth with a constant acceleration
• The rate of fall is independent of mass
• In a vacuum, heavy objects and light
objects fall at the same rate.
• The acceleration of a free-falling object is
the acceleration of gravity, g
• g = 9.81m/s2 memorize this value!
Free Fall
• Free fall is the motion of a body when
only the force due to gravity is acting on
the body.
• The acceleration on an object in free fall
is called the acceleration due to
gravity, or free-fall acceleration.
• Free-fall acceleration is denoted with by
ag (generally) or g (on Earth’s surface).
Free Fall Acceleration
• Free-fall acceleration is the same for all
objects, regardless of mass.
• This book will use the value g = 9.81 m/s2.
• Free-fall acceleration on Earth’s surface is –
9.81 m/s2 at all points in the object’s motion.
• Consider a ball thrown up into the air.
– Moving upward: velocity is decreasing,
acceleration is –9.81 m/s2
– Top of path: velocity is zero, acceleration is –9.81
m/s2
– Moving downward: velocity is increasing,
acceleration is –9.81 m/s2
Sample Problem
• Falling Object
• A player hits a volleyball so that it
moves with an initial velocity of
6.0 m/s straight upward.
• If the volleyball starts from 2.0 m
above the floor,
• how long will it be in the air
before it strikes the floor?
Sample Problem, continued
1. Define
Given: Unknown:
vi = +6.0 m/s Δt = ?
a = –g = –9.81 m/s2
Δ y = –2.0 m
Diagram:
Place the origin at the
Starting point of the ball
(yi = 0 at ti = 0).
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation:
Both ∆t and vf are unknown.
v f vi 2ay
2 2
v f vi at
We can determine ∆t if we know vf
Solve for vf then substitute & solve for ∆t
3. Calculate
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknowns:
v f vi
v f vi 2ay
2 t
a
vf = - 8.7 m/s Δt = 1.50 s
Is there another way?
• Is there another equation that would
answer the question in a single step?
Summary of Graphical Analysis of Linear
Motion
The displacement, x, is
the area beneath the v
vs. t curve.
Displacement and v-t Curves