Computer Software

Software & Hardware

•A set of programs associated with the
operation of a computer is called software.

•The electronic circuits used in building the

computer that executes the software is known
as the hardware of the computer.

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 Types of Software
Software is a set of programs that
govern the operations of computer )

System Software Application Software

( Software that ( Set of programs to

controls internal carry out operations for
computer operations ) a specified application )
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 Types of Software (CONT)
Software is a set of programs that
govern the operations of computer )
System Software : ( Software that
controls internal computer
operations )
Operating System
Language Processor
( Software which acts as
( Software which
an interface between
converts HLL program
user and the hardware )
into machine language )
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 System Software
Operating System:
A system program that provides resources to
the other programs.
•It is an environment in which the other
programs run.
•It provides an interface to the user.
•There are two types of operating systems:
Graphic User Interface, and Command Line
Interface. Examples of Graphic User
Interface are windows 9x, windows XP,
Windows NT. Examples of Command Line
Interface are MS-DOS, and UNIX.
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 Need For Operating System
To make computer system convenient to use
To use computer hardware in an efficient
manner
It decides
How to do?
What to do?
When to do?
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 Functions of Operating System
• File Management
• Device Management
• Memory Management

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 Types of operating
• Desktop operating sytem,
ex: Window 9x, window XP, Window Vista,etc.
• Network operating system,
ex: UNIX, Window server 2000,
• PDA( personal digital) OS,
• Other operating system.

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 Types of Software
Software is a set of programs that govern the
operations of computer )
Application Software
( Set of programs to carry out operations for a
specified application )
Customized Software
Packages
( Tailor made software
( General utility
according to user’s
software )
needs )
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 Application Software
It is the set of programs necessary to carry
out operations for a specified application.
Example
Programs
To solve a set of equations
To process examination results
To prepare a Pay-Bill for an organization
To prepare Electricity-Bill for each month
All Microsoft office tool (word, excel, access,
power point)

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 BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

Terminal
– Simpler than a PC
– Designed strictly for input and output
– Has keyboard and screen
– Does not have a processor
– Connected to computer with telecommunication line
– Allows user to key data directly into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output
• Common input methods:
– Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) – used to
process bank checks
– Optical character recognition (OCR) – directly scans
typed, printed, or handwritten material
– Imaging – inputs digital form of documents and photos
– Bar code labeling – scans bar codes on packages or
products, and reads into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

• Common output methods:

– Print – output to paper using various types of
printers
– Computer output microfilm (COM) – microfilm
generated for archive copies in small space
– Voice response units – computer recognizes input,
generates verbal response messages

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 BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Memory

Memory
– All data flows to and from memory
– Divided into cells:
• Each has a unique address
• Memory cell types:
– Byte – stores one character of data
– Word – stores two or more characters of data

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 BASIC COMPONENTS of COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Bits and Coding Schemes

• Each memory cell is a set of circuits

• Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0)
• Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit)
• Most computers – 8 bits (circuits) represents a
character (byte)
• 2 common bit coding schemes used today:
– ASCII
– EBCDIC

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 INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEM
• Windows is an operating system that controls
the basic functions of your computer, such as
loading and running programs, saving data,
and displaying information on the screen.

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TO SWITCH ON THE COMPUTER

It is necessary to verify if all necessary cables are

plugged (the electrical cables, the keyboard cable,
the mouse cable and the monitor cable). Press on
“the switch on” button of the Computer Case then
press “the switch on” button of the monitor.
When you start a computer, sometimes it asks you to
give the username and the password.
If the password is known, type the password and press
on [Enter] key Or Click on OK

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 TO SWITCH OFF THE COMPUTER

The procedure of turning off the computer

depends on the operating system installed in
that computer. For Example:
Click on Start then click on Turn off computer/
Shut down
Click on Turn off / shut down
press “the switch on” button of the monitor.

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Desktop elements of Windows XP
• Taskbar (containing the buttons corresponding to the
started programs)
• Start Menu
• Desktop
• Icons (the graphic picture followed by a legend that
represents an object.)
To select an icon, do left click on that icon

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UNDERSTANDING WINDOWS BASICS
• What Is The Desktop?
The Desktop is the working area (background) of the
Windows display on your computer.
It’s the main windows screen.
• What Is The Taskbar?
The taskbar is the horizontal bar along the bottom of the
Desktop.
• What Is An Icon?
• An icon is a little picture that represents a program,
command, or a file. For instance, the My Computer icon
looks like a small computer.

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What Is A Shortcut?
• Icon that has a small white arrow in the lower
left corner is a Shortcut. The arrow indicates
that the icon is a shortcut that points to a
program, folder, or other item.
• A shortcut is a quick way to open a program or
file.
What Is A File?
• A file is a collection of information, with a
unique name, stored in your computer or on a
removable disk.

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What Is An Extension?
• The last three or Four letters (suffix) of a file name
designate an extension. An extension identifies the
format of the file. It is preceded by a period.
Every file is in a specific format. There are many different
formats. By naming a file with an extension, you tell the
computer the format of a file and the computer knows
what program that it must use to open that file.
What Is A Folder?
• Folders are special files that can hold multiple
documents. They allow you to organize information.
Folders can hold both files and other folders
(subfolders).

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 Opening a file, folder

• 1st method: Select the icon and do double

click.
• 2nd method: Select the icon and press on the
[Enter] key of the keyboard.
• 3rd method: Select the icon and right click.
In the pop-up menu that is displayed, click on
command Open

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open Icon called My computer

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 Meaning of letters

• A& B Floppy disk drivers

• C Hard disk
• Next letter CD/DVD driver
• Next letter Removable disk

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 To open Accessories program:
• click Start, point to All Programs, point to
Accessories, and then click On program you
want to use (e.g: Calculator, Word Pad,…)

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 CREATING FOLDER

• Open ‘My computer’ icon then select a

location where to create the directory , for
example: ‘local disk ( C )’ ; Right click in the
empty space, in the menu that opens, select
‘New ’then ‘Folder’. Type the name of the
folder as BCNumber and confirm the name by
doing double clicking in empty space or press
Enter key .

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 EXERCISE
• Create two folders on the desktop and name the
first one as your surname and the second one as
your family name.
• Create two folders in My Documents and name the
first one as your surname and the second one as
your family name.
• Create two folders on the local disk C and name the
first one as your surname and the second one as
your family name.

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 Rename a folder

• Right click on folder

• Click on Rename
• Type new name and confirm by doing double
clicking in empty space or press Enter key

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 Delete a file, a folder temporally/permanently
Delete a file, a folder temporally Recycle Bin
• Right click on folder, file
• Click on Delete
• Click on Yes or Press on [Enter button]
Delete a file, a folder permanently
• Open the Recycle Bin
• Right click on folder, file
• Click on Delete
• Click on Yes or Press on [Enter button]
OR
• Select a file, folder and press Shift + Delete
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