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Introduction to Human Development
Human
Development
Theories of Human Development
Prenatal Development
Adolescence
Human Development
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Early and Middle Adulthood
Human
Development
(continued)
Aging: Late Adulthood
Human Development
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Human Development > Introduction to Human Development
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
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Human Development > Prenatal Development
Prenatal Development
• The Role of Genes in Prenatal Development
• Prenatal Brain Development
• Environmental Impacts on Prenatal Development
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
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Human Development > Adolescence
Adolescence
• Physical Development in Adolescence
• Cognitive Development in Adolescence
• Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
• Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development
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Human Development > Early and Middle Adulthood
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Human Development > Aging: Late Adulthood
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Appendix
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Human Development
Key terms
• adolescence The transitional period of physical and psychological development between childhood and maturity.
• Alzheimer's disease A disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain-tissue changes; a form of senile
dementia.
• antisocial Antagonistic, hostile, or unfriendly toward others; opposed to social order or the principles of society.
• assimilation The absorption of new ideas into an existing cognitive structure.
• attachment A strong bonding toward or with.
• autonomy Self-government; freedom to act or function independently.
• cerebellum Part of the hindbrain in vertebrates; in humans it lies between the brainstem and the cerebrum and plays an
important role in sensory perception, motor output, balance, and posture.
• chromosome A structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins.
• cohort A demographic grouping of people, especially those in a defined age group, or sharing a common characteristic.
• colic Severe pains that grip the abdomen or the disease that causes such pains (due to intestinal or bowel related problems).
• conception The fertilization of an ovum by a sperm to form a zygote.
• conscience A personification of the moral sense of right and wrong, usually in the form of a person, a being, or merely a voice
that gives moral lessons and advices.
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Human Development
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Human Development
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Human Development
• heritability The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e., the proportion of variability that is
genetic in origin.
• heterosexual Sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex.
• hospice The provision of palliative care for terminally ill patients, either at a specialized facility or at a residence, along with
support for the family; typically refrains from taking extraordinary measures to prolong life.
• innate Inborn; native; natural.
• intellectualization The act or process of finding a seemingly rational explanation for something.
• interpersonal Existing between two or more people.
• intersubjectivity The state or condition of involving or occurring between separate conscious minds; a term used to represent
the psychological relation between people.
• introspection A looking inward; the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the
cognition that the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness.
• Longitudinal Sampling data over time rather than merely once.
• menarche The onset of menstruation in human females; the beginning of the menstrual period.
• menopause The ending of menstruation; the time in a woman's life when this happens.
• milestone An important event in a person's life or career, in the history of a nation, in the life of some project, etc.
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Human Development
• mnemonic device Any specific learning technique that aids information retention.
• morality Recognition of the distinction between good and evil or between right and wrong; respect for and obedience to the
rules of right conduct; the mental disposition or characteristic of behaving in a manner intended to produce good results.
• myelination The production of a coating of myelin around an axon.
• neonatal Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth.
• neural tube A hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in
the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
• neurodegenerative Of, pertaining to, or resulting in the progressive loss of nerve cells and of neurologic function.
• neurotransmitter Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse
between two neurons.
• norms That which is regarded as normal or typical; a rule that is enforced by members of a community.
• object permanence The understanding (typically developed during early infancy) that an object still exists even when it
disappears from sight or other senses.
• peer pressure Encouragement by others in one's age group to act or behave in a certain way.
• placenta A vascular organ in mammals, present only in the female during gestation, that supplies food and oxygen from the
mother to the fetus and passes back waste.
• plasticity The brain's ability to change and adapt over the course of a lifetime; changes in neural pathways and synapses due to
changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions.
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Human Development
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Human Development
• separation anxiety A psychological condition in children characterized by apprehension when separated from a parent.
• socioemotional selectivity theory A life-span theory of motivation which maintains that as time horizons shrink, as they typically
do with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities.
• stereotype A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image.
• sudden infant death syndrome The sudden and unexplained death of an infant aged one month to one year, normally while
sleeping.
• synapse The junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve
impulses pass.
• temperament A person's normal manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting.
• teratogen Any agent or substance which can cause malformation of an embryo or birth defects.
• trait An identifying characteristic, habit, or trend.
• Transitivity The idea that if A is related to B, and B is related to C, then A must be related to C.
• zygote A fertilized egg cell.
• zygote A fertilized egg cell.
• zygote A fertilized egg cell.
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Human Development
Aging factors
As an individual progresses through adulthood, a variety of factors can affect the aging process. This includes primary factors like decline of cellular
function and oxidative damage, and secondary factors like an unhealthy lifestyle.
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Human Development
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OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. August 5, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
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Human Development
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Flickr. "Davis and Mom.| Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/augie/237325838/ View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Longitudinal Designs
Children experience rapid physical changes through infancy and early childhood. In a longitudinal study, a researcher observes many individuals born at
or around the same time and observes them as they age. (credit "left": modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk; credit "middle-left": modification of work by
Kristi Fausel; credit "middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "right": modification of work by Rose Spielman)
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Human Development
Stages of development
During the fetal stage, the brain develops and the body adds size and weight, until the fetus reaches full-term development.
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Human Development
Parenting styles
The way in which a parent interacts with his or her child is an important factor in the child's socioemotional growth.
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Human Development
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Human Development
Intelligence
Cognitive ability changes over the course of a person's lifespan, but keeping the mind engaged and active is the best way to keep thinking sharp.
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Human Development
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Human Development
Childhood Attachment
Children who have secure attachment to parents are more likely to be successful adults.
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Human Development
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Wordpress. "Research « Richard Wiseman." License: Other http://richardwiseman.wordpress.com/research/overview/ View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Embryo
During the germinal stage of prenatal development, the cells necessary for the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid will differentiate to form the
embryo.
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Human Development
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Wikispaces. "mcmETEC5303 - My Stance on Educational Technology, by Jean Piaget." CC BY
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Human Development
Jean Piaget
Piaget's theory of child development is still one of the most widely accepted in modern psychology.
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Human Development
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Human Development
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud developed his theory of development based on five psychosexual stages.
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Human Development
Erik Erikson
Erikson developed his eight stages of psychosocial development based on Freud's psychosexual theory.
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Baba-meres-kozben." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baba-meres-kozben.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Newborn baby
The newborn baby requires a great deal of care to develop.
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Wikipedia. "Infant." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Culture
Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief-system
development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture.
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Human Development
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OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. August 6, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:52/Psychology View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikipedia. "Parents." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Elderly Couple - Brasov - Romania." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_Couple_-_Brasov_-_Romania.jpg View on
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Human Development
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OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. August 4, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
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Human Development
Intelligence
Cognitive ability changes over the course of a person's lifespan, but keeping the mind engaged and active is the best way to keep thinking sharp.
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Wikimedia. "AlbertoCotoAbaco." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlbertoCotoAbaco.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikipedia. "Bride Groom NP." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bride_Groom_NP.JPG View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikipedia. "Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg." Public domain
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Human Development
DNA
DNA is a ladder-like structure that contains genetic material.
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Wikibooks. "General Genetics/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Genetics/Introduction View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Alzheimers disease progression-brain degeneration." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alzheimers_disease_progression-
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Photo of baby with FAS." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_of_baby_with_FAS.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Walter de Maria Vertikaler Erdkilometer." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_de_Maria_Vertikaler_Erdkilometer.jpg View on
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Human Development
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Human Development
Chromosome
Chromosomes are the genetic material that make up a person's traits.
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Human Development
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and egocentric thoughts
decrease.
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Brain human sagittal section." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_human_sagittal_section.svg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Personality Development
Diagram of an analogy using an iceberg to explain how the id, ego and superego work together to develop personality.
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Wikimedia. "Id ego superego." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Id_ego_superego.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. August 6, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:52/Psychology View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Conservation task
This video features three children completing conservation tasks. The first two children are confronted with a classic conservation task concerning liquid
volumes. The first child does not understand conservation (the principle that even though the appearance of substances may change, their key
properties remain the same) and is likely in the preoperational stage. The second child understands conservation, demonstrating the concrete
operational stage. The third child fails to show an understanding of conservation, and thus is likely still in the preoperational stage of cognitive
development.
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YouTube. "Conservation task." Youtube License http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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OpenStax CNX. "CNX Psychology, Psychology. August 4, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:51/Psychology View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Kohlberg Model of Moral Development." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kohlberg_Model_of_Moral_Development.png View on
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Human Development
Jean Piaget
Piaget's theory of cognitive development is still widely used and accepted today.
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Mother & child." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_&_child.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Punnett square mendel flowers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Depression-loss of loved one." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Depression-loss_of_loved_one.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
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Flickr. "Saying farewell to Nana after 88th birthday cookies | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY 2.0 http://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_and_selena/1460656644/ View on
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Human Development
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Wikimedia. "Belmont Cemetery (1809218994)." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Belmont_Cemetery_(1809218994).jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Heritability Estimates
This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and environment on individual traits. Typically, monozygotic
twins will have a high correlation of sibling traits, while biological siblings will have less in common, and adoptive siblings will have less than that.
However, this can vary widely by trait.
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Wikipedia. "Nature versus nurture." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Identity
Adolescence is the period of life between the onset of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role. It is the period known for the formation of
personal and social identity. Identity is a combination of many factors, including choices, beliefs and values, ethnicity, hobbies, family, friends, and many
other features.
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Wordpress. "Personal Identity | Bodhi Leaf." License: Other http://bodhileaf.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/personal-identity/ View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Diathesis-Stress Model." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diathesis%E2%80%93stress_model
• Wikipedia. "Biopsychosocial Model." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. August 4, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-
9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:50/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "trait." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trait
• Wiktionary. "heritability." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heritability
• Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene
• Wiktionary. "locus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locus
• WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture
• WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture
• WIKIBOOKS. "Introduction to Psychology/Human Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Human_Development
• WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. August 4, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-
9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:50/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "cohort." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cohort
• Wiktionary. "correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlation
• Wiktionary. "ethnography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnography
• Wiktionary. "Longitudinal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Longitudinal
• WIKIPEDIA. "Microgenetic design." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgenetic_design
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Human Development
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Introduction to Sociology. November 14, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m42876/latest/?collection=col11407/1.7
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death%23Adulthood
• Wiktionary. "heterosexual." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterosexual
• Wiktionary. "interpersonal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interpersonal
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• Wikibooks. "Relationships/Adulthood." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Relationships/Adulthood
• Wiktionary. "corpus callosum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corpus_callosum
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. August 7, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-
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• Wiktionary. "neurodegenerative." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurodegenerative
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• Wiktionary. "grief." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grief
• Wiktionary. "integrity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integrity
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Human Development
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http://cnx.org/content/m42876/latest/
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9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100/Death-and-Dying
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• Wiktionary. "piety." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piety
• Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture
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adulthood-74/cognitive-development-in-adulthood-288-12823/
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