Lesson 10:

QUANTITATIVE DATA
COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES/
INSTRUMENTS
Practical Research 2
Ms. Gelli B. Aguilar
Classification of Data according to
source
• Primary data – are data gathered from primary sources
(first-hand experiences).
Ex. Individual persons, organizations, established
practices, original documents, man- made
materials/devices, natural objects or phenomena.
• Secondary data- are data gathered from secondary sources
(verbal or written).
Ex. Books, reference books, articles published online
journals, magazines, newspapers, unpublished
manuscripts.

Note: Other supporting data collected to support the data above

are considered tertiary data.
Ex. A video clip of interview conducted by an author which
you downloaded from the net.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
• A questionnaire is a research
instrument consisting of a series
of questions and other prompts
for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
Types of questions according to
FORM
Types of questions according to Kind of
data being asked:
 What are the GUIDELINES in formulating
questions for a questionnaire?
• Make all directions clear and unequivocal.
Ex. Poor: Answer the following questions.
Better: Choose the items that would best
answer the question.
• Use correct grammar and spelling.
• Avoid asking biased questions.
Ex. Poor: Do you use Colgate toothpaste? If not,
what brand do you use.
Better: What brand of toothpaste do you use?
• Relate all questions to the topic under
study. All questions should gather data relevant to
the study.
• Use proper words. Avoid questions that could
deal with embarrassing or confidential
information.
Ex. Poor: Why did you become unfaithful to your
wife?
? Better: In your own opinion, what are the
reasons why husbands commit infidelity?
• State all questions affirmatively.
Ex. Poor: Are you not studying?
Better: Are you studying?
• Add a catch-all word or phrase to
options of multiple response
questions.
Ex. _____Others, please specify
• Place all spaces for replies at the left
side. It is for the purpose of easy tabulation.
• Make the respondents anonymous. It
is to give them freedom and to encourage
more accurate sharing of information.
• Always attach a cover letter for the
respondents.
ACTIVITY:
Tell us what could be wrong on the following survey
questions. Kindly elaborate your answers. Try to
reconstruct the questions to make it better.
1. Should concerned parents use infant car seats?
2. How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the pay
and work benefits of your current job?
3. How useful will this textbook be for students and
young professionals in the field?
4. Do you own a tablet PC?
5. What was the state of the cleanliness of the room?
Answers:
Answers:
 Experiment (Field
Experiment)
• A data collection technique commonly used
in a field experimentation where certain
variables are observed and studied on causal
effects to one another.
• Applicable on behavioral experimentations.
(e.g. What are the students responses to
movie subtitles as a medium of instruction to
understanding literary pieces.)
• This instrument is commonly accompanied
by written observation (e.g. observation
checklist).
 Experiment (Laboratory
Experiment)
• A data collection technique commonly
used in Experimental (scientific) research.
• This is where a particular scientific
method and tools are utilized to execute
the process.
• This instrument is commonly
accompanied by written observation (e.g.
observation checklist).
 Observations
• Observational techniques are methods by
which an individual or individuals gather
firsthand data on programs, processes, or
behaviors being studied.
• They provide evaluators with an
opportunity to collect data on a wide range
of behaviors, to capture a great variety of
interactions, and to openly explore the
evaluation topic.
 Recording the results of
observation
1. Checklists- is an observation device
that contains the items to be observed with
space for checkmarks.
• Checklist with short verbal entries
• Checklist that indicates the presence
/absence of an item
• Dichotomous checklist
 Recording the results of
observation
2. Rating Scale- is a indicates the
evaluation standard based on the
observed behavior or phenomenon.
3. Anecdotal Forms- with less
breakdown of dimensions and more
spaces for writing observed behavior or
phenomenon.
Others types of recording
observation
• Stenographic/ Mechanical
recording- recording technique with
the aid of mechanical devices however,
written transcriptions are required to be
accurate.
 Tests (field experiment)
• Provide a way to assess subjects’ knowledge and
capacity to apply this knowledge to new
situations.
• Tests provide information that is measured
against a variety of standards.
o Standardized tests
o Aptitude tests
o IQ tests
o Personality Tests
o Verbal and Non-verbal Tests
o Logic tests
o Comprehension Tests
TYPES OF TESTS (Standardization)

• STANDARDIZED TEST- the content

has been primarily validated according to
standard and have been established by a
certain expert in the field. Can be usually
adapted by one provided that some
innovations may be done.
• NON-STANDARDIZED TEST- self-
made tests or tests which are constructed
by the researcher or others for the purpose
of one study.
TESTS (Scientific/Experimental)

o Tests in scientific experimental

research is done with utilization of a
science laboratory facilities with
respect to application of scientific
method.
oUsually done by experts and
practitioners in the field.