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Chapter 3 1
One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
Chapter 3 2
The Plane Wall
Consider a simple case of one-
dimensional conduction in a plane Cold fluid
wall, separating two fluids of different T ,1 T ,2 , h2
temperature, without energy
generation Ts ,1
• Temperature is a function of x
• Heat is transferred in the x-direction Ts ,2
Must consider
T ,1 , h1 qx T , 2
– Convection from hot fluid to wall
– Conduction through wall
– Convection from wall to cold fluid Hot fluid
x=0 x=L
Begin by determining temperature
distribution within the wall x
Chapter 3 3
Temperature Distribution
• Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.4) in the x-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:
d dT
k 0 qx is constant
dx dx
x
T ( x) (Ts,2 Ts,1 ) Ts,1 (3.1)
L
Temperature varies linearly with x
Chapter 3 4
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate can
Ts,1 Ts,2
be calculated:
qx kA
dT kA
Ts,1 Ts,2 (3.2a)
dx L L / kA
Similarly for heat convection, Newton’s law of cooling applies:
(TS T )
qx hA(TS T ) (3.2b)
1 / hA
And for radiation heat transfer:
(Ts Tsur ) (3.2c)
qrad hr A(Ts Tsur )
1 / hr A
Recall electric circuit theory - Ohm’s law for electrical resistance:
Potential Differenc e
Electric current
Resistance
Chapter 3 5
Thermal Resistance
• We can use this electrical analogy to represent heat transfer problems
using the concept of a thermal circuit (equivalent to an electrical circuit).
Chapter 3 6
Thermal Resistance for Plane Wall
Cold fluid
T ,1 T ,2 , h2
Ts ,1
T,1 Ts,1 Ts ,1 Ts,2 Ts,2 T,2
qx
Ts ,2 1 / h1 A L / kA 1 / h2 A
T ,1 , h1 In terms of overall
qx T , 2 temperature difference:
T,1 T,2
Hot fluid
x=0 x=L qx
Rtot
x
1 L 1
Rtot
h1 A kA h2 A
Chapter 3 7
Composite Walls
Express the following
geometry in terms of a
an equivalent thermal
circuit.
Chapter 3 8
Composite Walls
What is the heat transfer rate for this system?
q x UA T
Alternatively
T
1
Rtot Rt
q UA
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and T the overall
temperature difference.
1 1
U
Rtot A [(1 / h1 ) ( LA / k A ) ( LB / k B ) ( LC / kC ) (1 / h4 )]
Chapter 3 9
Composite Walls
Chapter 3 10
Example (Problem 3.15 textbook)
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm thick hardwood
siding (A), 40-mm by 130-mm hardwood studs (B) on 0.65-m centers
with glass fiber insulation (D) (paper faced, 28 kg/m3) and a 12-mm
layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board (C).
What is the thermal resistance associated with a wall that is 2.5 m
high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high?)
(Note: Consider the direction of heat transfer to be downwards, along
the x-direction)
Chapter 3 11
Contact Resistance
The temperature drop
across the interface
between materials may be
appreciable, due to surface
roughness effects, leading
to air pockets. We can
define thermal contact
resistance:
TA TB
Rt",c
q"x
Chapter 3 12
Alternative Conduction Analysis
When area varies in the x direction and k is a function of temperature,
Fourier’s law can be written in its most general form:
dT
qx k (T ) A( x )
dx
• For steady-state conditions, no heat generation, one-dimensional heat
transfer, qx is constant.
x T
dx
qx k (T )dT
xo A( x) To
Chapter 3 13
Example 3.3
Consider a conical section fabricated from pyroceram. It is of circular
cross section, with the diameter D=ax, where a=0.25. The small end
is at x1=50 mm and the large end at x2=250 mm. The end
temperatures are T1=400 K and T2=600 K, while the lateral surface is
well insulated.
1. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in symbolic
form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch the temperature
distribution
2. Calculate the heat rate, qx, through the cone.
T2
T1
x1
x2
x
Chapter 3 14
Radial Systems-Cylindrical Coordinates
Consider a hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are
exposed to fluids at different temperatures
Temperature distribution
Chapter 3 15
Temperature Distribution
• Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.5) in the r-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:
1 d dT
kr 0
r dr dr
dT dT
• Fourier’s law: qr kA k (2rL) const
dr dr
• Boundary Conditions: T ( r1 ) Ts ,1 , T ( r2 ) Ts ,2
(Ts,1 Ts,2 ) r
T (r) ln Ts,2 Logarithmic temperature distribution
ln( r1 / r2 ) r 2 (see previous slide)
Chapter 3 16
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate can
be calculated:
• Fourier’s law: dT dT
qr kA k (2rL) const
dr dr
2Lk Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts ,1 Ts,2
qx
ln( r2 / r1 ) ln( r2 / r1 ) /(2Lk ) Rt ,cond
In terms of equivalent thermal circuit:
T,1 T,2
qx
Rtot
1 ln( r2 / r1 ) 1
Rtot
h1 (2r1L) 2kL h2 (2r2 L)
Chapter 3 17
Composite Walls
Chapter 3 18
Composite Walls
What is the heat transfer rate?
Chapter 3 19
Example (Problem 3.37 textbook)
A thin electrical heater is wrapped around the outer surface of a long
cylindrical tube whose inner surface is maintained at a temperature of
5°C. The tube wall has inner and outer radii of 25 and 75 mm
respectively, and a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m.K. The thermal
contact resistance between the heater and the outer surface of the
tube (per unit length of the tube) is R’t,c=0.01 m.K/W. The outer
surface of the heater is exposed to a fluid of temperature –10°C and a
convection coefficient of h=100 W/m2 .K.
Determine the heater power per unit length of tube required to
maintain the heater at To=25°C.
Chapter 3 20
Spherical Coordinates
• Fourier’s law:
dT
qr kA
dr
2 dT
k ( 4r )
dr
• Starting from Fourier’s law, acknowledging that qr is constant,
independent of r, and assuming that k is constant, derive the equation
describing the conduction heat transfer rate. What is the thermal
resistance?
Chapter 3 21
For steady-state, one dimensional conditions with no heat generation;
The appropriate form of Fourier’s equation is
Q = -k A dT/dr
= -k(4πr2) dT/dr
Note that the cross sectional area normal to the heat flow is
A= 4πr2
Chapter 3 22
Equation 2.3-1 may be expressed in the integral form
Q r 2 dr T2
= - T 1 k (T )dT
4 r1 r 2
r1r 2
= (T 1 T 2
r 2 r1
Generally, this equation can be written in terms of
Q = T 2 T1
Rsphere, cond
where
1 1 1
R =
4k r1 r 2
Chapter 3 23
Example:
Consider a hollow steel sphere of inside radius r1 = 10 cm and outside
radius, r2 = 20 cm. The thermal conductivity of the steel is k = 10 W/moC.
The inside surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of T1 = 230 oC
and the outside surface dissipates heat by convection with a heat transfer
coefficient h = 20 W/m2oC into an ambient at T = 30oC. Determine the
thickness of asbestos insulation (k=0.5 W/mK) required to reduce the heat
loss by 50%.
Chapter 3 24
Example (Problem 3.69 textbook)
One modality for destroying malignant tissue involves imbedding a
small spherical heat source of radius ro within the tissue and
maintaining local temperatures above a critical value Tc for an
extended period. Tissue that is well removed from the source may be
assumed to remain at normal body temperature (Tb=37°C).
Obtain a general expression for the radial temperature distribution in
the tissue under steady-state conditions as a function of the heat rate
q.
If ro=0.5 mm, what heat rate must be supplied to maintain a tissue
temperature of T>Tc=42°C in the domain 0.5<r<5 mm? The tissue
thermal conductivity is approximately 0.5 W/m.K.
Chapter 3 25
Summary
Chapter 3 26