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Chapter 3

One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction

Chapter 3 1
One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction

• Conduction problems may involve multiple directions and time-


dependent conditions
• Inherently complex – Difficult to determine temperature distributions
• One-dimensional steady-state models can represent accurately
numerous engineering systems

• In this chapter we will


 Learn how to obtain temperature profiles for common geometries
with and without heat generation.
 Introduce the concept of thermal resistance and thermal circuits

Chapter 3 2
The Plane Wall
Consider a simple case of one-
dimensional conduction in a plane Cold fluid
wall, separating two fluids of different T ,1 T ,2 , h2
temperature, without energy
generation Ts ,1
• Temperature is a function of x
• Heat is transferred in the x-direction Ts ,2
Must consider
T ,1 , h1 qx T , 2
– Convection from hot fluid to wall
– Conduction through wall
– Convection from wall to cold fluid Hot fluid
x=0 x=L
 Begin by determining temperature
distribution within the wall x

Chapter 3 3
Temperature Distribution
• Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.4) in the x-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:

d  dT 
k 0  qx is constant
dx  dx 

• Boundary Conditions: T (0)  Ts ,1 , T ( L)  Ts ,2

• Temperature profile, assuming constant k:

x
T ( x)  (Ts,2  Ts,1 )  Ts,1 (3.1)
L
 Temperature varies linearly with x

Chapter 3 4
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate can

Ts,1  Ts,2 
be calculated:

qx  kA
dT kA
 Ts,1  Ts,2   (3.2a)
dx L L / kA
Similarly for heat convection, Newton’s law of cooling applies:
(TS  T )
qx  hA(TS  T )  (3.2b)
1 / hA
And for radiation heat transfer:
(Ts  Tsur ) (3.2c)
qrad  hr A(Ts  Tsur ) 
1 / hr A
 Recall electric circuit theory - Ohm’s law for electrical resistance:
Potential Differenc e
Electric current 
Resistance
Chapter 3 5
Thermal Resistance
• We can use this electrical analogy to represent heat transfer problems
using the concept of a thermal circuit (equivalent to an electrical circuit).

Overall Driving Force Toverall


q 
Resistance R 
 Compare with equations 3.2a-3.2c
 The temperature difference is the “potential” or driving force for the
heat flow and the combinations of thermal conductivity, convection
coefficient, thickness and area of material act as a resistance to this
flow:
L 1 1
Rt ,cond  , Rt ,conv  , Rt ,rad 
kA hA hr A

Chapter 3 6
Thermal Resistance for Plane Wall
Cold fluid
T ,1 T ,2 , h2

Ts ,1
T,1  Ts,1 Ts ,1  Ts,2 Ts,2  T,2
qx   
Ts ,2 1 / h1 A L / kA 1 / h2 A

T ,1 , h1 In terms of overall
qx T , 2 temperature difference:

T,1  T,2
Hot fluid
x=0 x=L qx 
Rtot
x
1 L 1
Rtot   
h1 A kA h2 A

Chapter 3 7
Composite Walls
 Express the following
geometry in terms of a
an equivalent thermal
circuit.

Chapter 3 8
Composite Walls
 What is the heat transfer rate for this system?

q x  UA T
Alternatively
T

1
Rtot  Rt  
q UA
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and T the overall
temperature difference.
1 1
U 
Rtot A [(1 / h1 )  ( LA / k A )  ( LB / k B )  ( LC / kC )  (1 / h4 )]

Chapter 3 9
Composite Walls

(a) Surfaces normal to the x-


direction are isothermal

 For resistances in series:


Rtot=R1+R2+…+Rn
 For resistances in parallel:
Rtot=1/R1+1/R2+…+1/Rn
(b) Surfaces parallel to x-
direction are adiabatic

Chapter 3 10
Example (Problem 3.15 textbook)
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm thick hardwood
siding (A), 40-mm by 130-mm hardwood studs (B) on 0.65-m centers
with glass fiber insulation (D) (paper faced, 28 kg/m3) and a 12-mm
layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board (C).
 What is the thermal resistance associated with a wall that is 2.5 m
high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high?)
(Note: Consider the direction of heat transfer to be downwards, along
the x-direction)

Chapter 3 11
Contact Resistance
The temperature drop
across the interface
between materials may be
appreciable, due to surface
roughness effects, leading
to air pockets. We can
define thermal contact
resistance:
TA  TB
Rt",c 
q"x

See tables 3.1, 3.2 for


typical values of Rt,c

Chapter 3 12
Alternative Conduction Analysis
When area varies in the x direction and k is a function of temperature,
Fourier’s law can be written in its most general form:

dT
qx  k (T ) A( x )
dx
• For steady-state conditions, no heat generation, one-dimensional heat
transfer, qx is constant.

x T
 
dx
 qx  k (T )dT
xo A( x) To

Chapter 3 13
Example 3.3
Consider a conical section fabricated from pyroceram. It is of circular
cross section, with the diameter D=ax, where a=0.25. The small end
is at x1=50 mm and the large end at x2=250 mm. The end
temperatures are T1=400 K and T2=600 K, while the lateral surface is
well insulated.
1. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in symbolic
form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch the temperature
distribution
2. Calculate the heat rate, qx, through the cone.
T2
T1

x1
x2
x
Chapter 3 14
Radial Systems-Cylindrical Coordinates
Consider a hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are
exposed to fluids at different temperatures

Temperature distribution

Chapter 3 15
Temperature Distribution
• Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.5) in the r-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:

1 d  dT 
 kr 0
r dr  dr 
dT dT
• Fourier’s law: qr  kA  k (2rL)  const
dr dr

• Boundary Conditions: T ( r1 )  Ts ,1 , T ( r2 )  Ts ,2

• Temperature profile, assuming constant k:

(Ts,1  Ts,2 )  r 
T (r)  ln    Ts,2  Logarithmic temperature distribution
ln( r1 / r2 )  r 2  (see previous slide)

Chapter 3 16
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate can
be calculated:

• Fourier’s law: dT dT
qr  kA  k (2rL)  const
dr dr
2Lk Ts ,1  Ts ,2  Ts,1  Ts,2  Ts ,1  Ts,2 
qx   
ln( r2 / r1 ) ln( r2 / r1 ) /(2Lk ) Rt ,cond
 In terms of equivalent thermal circuit:

T,1  T,2
qx 
Rtot
1 ln( r2 / r1 ) 1
Rtot   
h1 (2r1L) 2kL h2 (2r2 L)
Chapter 3 17
Composite Walls

 Express the following


geometry in terms of a
an equivalent thermal
circuit.

Chapter 3 18
Composite Walls
 What is the heat transfer rate?

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient. If A=A1=2r1L:


1
U
1 r1 r2 r1 r3 r1 r4 r1 1
 ln  ln  ln 
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4

alternatively we can use A2=2r2L, A3=2r3L etc. In all cases:


1
U1 A1  U 2 A2  U 3 A3  U 4 A4 
R t

Chapter 3 19
Example (Problem 3.37 textbook)
A thin electrical heater is wrapped around the outer surface of a long
cylindrical tube whose inner surface is maintained at a temperature of
5°C. The tube wall has inner and outer radii of 25 and 75 mm
respectively, and a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m.K. The thermal
contact resistance between the heater and the outer surface of the
tube (per unit length of the tube) is R’t,c=0.01 m.K/W. The outer
surface of the heater is exposed to a fluid of temperature –10°C and a
convection coefficient of h=100 W/m2 .K.
 Determine the heater power per unit length of tube required to
maintain the heater at To=25°C.

Chapter 3 20
Spherical Coordinates

• Fourier’s law:

dT
qr  kA
dr
2 dT
 k ( 4r )
dr
• Starting from Fourier’s law, acknowledging that qr is constant,
independent of r, and assuming that k is constant, derive the equation
describing the conduction heat transfer rate. What is the thermal
resistance?

Chapter 3 21
For steady-state, one dimensional conditions with no heat generation;
The appropriate form of Fourier’s equation is

Q = -k A dT/dr

= -k(4πr2) dT/dr

Note that the cross sectional area normal to the heat flow is

A= 4πr2

(instead of dx) where r is the radius of the sphere

Chapter 3 22
Equation 2.3-1 may be expressed in the integral form
Q r 2 dr T2
 
= - T 1 k (T )dT
4 r1 r 2

For constant thermal conductivity, k


4k (T 1  T 2)
Q=
1 / r1  1 / r 2

r1r 2
= (T 1  T 2
r 2  r1
Generally, this equation can be written in terms of

Q = T 2  T1
Rsphere, cond
where
1 1 1
R =   
4k  r1 r 2 

Chapter 3 23
Example:
Consider a hollow steel sphere of inside radius r1 = 10 cm and outside
radius, r2 = 20 cm. The thermal conductivity of the steel is k = 10 W/moC.
The inside surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of T1 = 230 oC
and the outside surface dissipates heat by convection with a heat transfer
coefficient h = 20 W/m2oC into an ambient at T = 30oC. Determine the
thickness of asbestos insulation (k=0.5 W/mK) required to reduce the heat
loss by 50%.

Chapter 3 24
Example (Problem 3.69 textbook)
One modality for destroying malignant tissue involves imbedding a
small spherical heat source of radius ro within the tissue and
maintaining local temperatures above a critical value Tc for an
extended period. Tissue that is well removed from the source may be
assumed to remain at normal body temperature (Tb=37°C).
 Obtain a general expression for the radial temperature distribution in
the tissue under steady-state conditions as a function of the heat rate
q.
 If ro=0.5 mm, what heat rate must be supplied to maintain a tissue
temperature of T>Tc=42°C in the domain 0.5<r<5 mm? The tissue
thermal conductivity is approximately 0.5 W/m.K.

Chapter 3 25
Summary

• We obtained temperature distributions and thermal


resistances for problems involving steady-state, one-
dimensional conduction in orthogonal, cylindrical and
spherical coordinates, without energy generation
• Useful summary in Table 3.3

Chapter 3 26

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