Foundation HU Lec 6

Chapter Four
Design of Shallow Foundations

Lecture Two
Contents
• Introduction
• Structural Design of Shallow Foundations
• Elements of Limit State Design
• Loads on Foundations
• Analysis of Section: Review of RCD
• Shear and Bonds
• Structural Detail Requirements
• References
Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 2

Structural Design of Foundations
• Characteristics Material Strengths
• The strengths of materials upon which design is based are
those strengths below which results are unlikely to fall
• These are called 'characteristic‘ strengths
• The characteristic strength is taken as that value

below which it is unlikely that more than 5 per cent
of the results will fall
𝑓𝑘 = 𝑓𝑚 − 1.64𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑓𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ,
𝑓𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

• Characteristics Material Strengths
• Characteristics compressive strength of concrete,𝑓𝑐𝑘 , for
various concrete grades are given in EBCS 2 as shown below
Grade of Concrete C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
𝒇𝒄𝒌(N/mm2) 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
• Characteristics tensile strength of concrete,𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 , can be

determine by;
2/3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘

• Partial factor of Safety
• Other possible variations such as constructional tolerances are
allowed for by partial factors of safety applied to the strength of
the materials and to the loadings
• Partial factor of safety for materials 𝛾𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝑓 )
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝛾𝑘 )
𝑚
Partial Factor of Safety 𝜸𝒎
Material 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = Comp.
Limit State
Concrete Steel 𝛾𝑐
Ultimate 𝜸𝒄 𝜸𝒔 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘
Flexure 1.5 1.15 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = Tens.
𝛾𝑐
Shear 1.5 1.15
Bond 1.5 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
Serviceability 1.0 1.0 𝛾𝑠

• Partial factor of Safety
• Errors and inaccuracies may be due to a number of causes: design
assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation, possible unusual load
increases, unforeseen stress redistributions and constructional
inaccuracies
• Partial factor of safety for loads 𝛾𝑓
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑭𝒅 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑭𝒌 𝒙 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚(𝜸𝒎 )
Load Combination and Partial Factor of Safety for Ultimate Limit State
Load Permanent Load, 𝑮𝒌 Variable Load, 𝑸𝒌 Wind, 𝑾𝒌
Combination
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial
𝑮𝒌 +𝑸𝒌 1.35 1.35 1.5 0.0
𝑮𝒌 +𝑾𝒌 1.35 1.0 1.5
𝑮𝒌 + 𝑸𝒌 +𝑾𝒌 1.35 1.35 1.35
• Loads on Foundations
• Distributions of vertical loads on foundations
• For routine regular frame structures the loads on foundation
can be determine using the following assumptions
• The vertical dead load and live loads tributary to a particular
footing may be computed with reasonable accuracy as the sum of
loads half way through to the next adjacent gravity loads
• The vertical loads tributary footing include the loads at all floors
and also include the entire load from any cantilever that are
tributary to the support
• Any redistribution of dead and live loads due to flexural moments
can be ignored
Note that this is approximate method and for actual analysis code
provisions shall be consulted

Loads on Foundations
• Example 4.3
• Consider the following case of a commercial building .It is planned
to be constructed on a soil of USCS class CH. The shear strength of
the foundation soils is 60kPa, seismic zone 2A and wind speed of
100mph.The following data is provided for the dead load and live
load computations. Consider columns to be square 360mm .
A. For the building condition, determine the dead load on a typical interior column
B3
B. For the same building and column determine the live load.
C. Determine the appropriate load combinations for LRFD design
a) Ultimate load for bearing capacity
b) Ultimate load for settlement
Dead Load
Roof Floor surface
Roofing Wall around M E Roof Top Terrazzo Perimeter walls Shear walls
Equipment Room Concrete
0.72kN/m2 8.75kN/m 7.2kN/m2 0.9kN/m2 8.75N/m 9.23kN/m
Live Load
Roof Floor Partition Walls Stairwell
1.44kN/m2 2.88kN/m2 0.6kN/m2 4.79kN/m2





• Analysis of Section: Review of RC Design
• Stress-Strain Relationships
• Concrete
• Stress-strain behavior of structural concrete is given below
The curve is parabolic until 𝜀𝑜 = 0.002

linear afterwards
The ultimate strain 𝜀 = 0.0035 ,typical
for all grades of concrete
The ultimate design stress is given by

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
ൗ𝛾𝑐
where the factor 0.85 accounts for
difference between bending strength
and cylinder crushing strength
Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 13

• Stress-Strain Relationships
• Reinforcement Steel
• The representative short term stress strain curve is given below
The behavior of steel is identical in compression
and tension i.e. linearly elastic after up to yield
𝑓
point 𝑦𝑘ൗ𝛾𝑠 and plastic afterwards
The design yield strain can be computed for

𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ,𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 and 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘
ൗ𝛾
𝑠 500𝑘𝑃𝑎/1.15
𝜀𝑦𝑘 = = = 0.00217
𝐸𝑠 200𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Distribution of Stress and Strain Across a Section in Bending
• Flexural theory for reinforced concrete assumes that concrete
cracks in regions of tensile strain and all tensile stress is carried by
steel
• It is also assumed that plain section remain plain after straining
hence there is a linear distribution of strain across the section

• Since there is compatibility of strains between steel and concrete,
relationship between steel strains in tension, 𝜀𝑠𝑡 and in
compression 𝜀𝑠𝑐 from strain diagram
• The relationship between depth of neutral axis, x, and maximum
concrete strains 𝜀𝑐𝑐 and steel strains is;
𝑑−𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
• For analysis of a section with known steel strains, the depth of the
neutral axis can be determined by rearranging as ;
𝑑 2
𝑥= 𝜀𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐𝑐 = 0.0035 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚
1+𝜀
𝑐𝑐
𝑥 = 0.636𝑑
• Hence, to ensure yielding of steel at ULS 𝑥 ≥ 0.636𝑑

• To increase the degree of confidence, EC limits the depth of
neutral axis to 𝑥 ≥ 0.8 𝛿 − 0.44 𝑑 for concrete grades less than
C35/45 and 𝑥 ≥ 0.8 𝛿 − 0.56 𝑑 for higher grades of concrete
• 𝛿 is moment redistribution ration and 𝛿 = 1 for zero moment
distribution
• 𝑥 ≥ 0.45𝑑 for concrete 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 𝐶35/45 and 𝑥 ≥ 0.35𝑑 for 𝑓𝑐𝑘 >
𝐶35/45
• These limiting values of neutral axis depth (xbal) are such that,
when reached, it is necessary to change the section design from
singly reinforced (tension steel only) to doubly reinforced
(compression and tension steel)
• The corresponding limiting value of moment is referred to as the
balanced section moment, Mbai

• Bending and the Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block
• The equivalent rectangular block can be used for ultimate limit
state design
Note that the equivalent rectangular

block does not extend to the neutral
axis but to s=0.8x hence its centroid
will be s/2=0.4x

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections
• Bending of such a section induce a tensile force Fst in steel and
compressive force Fcc in the concrete
• For equilibrium the ultimate moment , M ,must be balanced by the
moment of resistance of the section
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑧 , where z is the moment arm

𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏𝑠 and 𝑧 = 𝑑 − 𝑠Τ2
Hence 𝑀 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 ∗ 𝑧 and replacing s

𝑀 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑧 𝑧 if we let 𝐾 = 𝑀ൗ𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
2
⇒ 𝑧ൗ𝑑 − 𝑧ൗ𝑑 + 𝐾ൗ1.134 = 0
Solving for z, 𝑧 = 𝑑 ∗ 0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾Τ1.134

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
𝑓𝑦𝑘
• On the other hand, 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = ൗ𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠
𝑀
• Hence, 𝐴𝑠 = 0.87𝑓
𝑦𝑘 ∗𝑧
• For concrete grades less than C35/45 the zbal =0.82d
• Hence
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 1.134𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 − 0.82𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
= 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 0.167 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≤ 𝐶35/40
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙
= 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 0.136 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≥ 𝐶35/40
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

• Singly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• The moment resistance of a given section may be computed by;
𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 ⇒ 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 ∗ 𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠
Hence depth of stress block s,

0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠
𝑠= and x=s/0.8
0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝑠
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑧 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 𝑑 −
2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − )
1.134𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections

• When the ultimate moment exceeds balanced moment for the
section i.e. 𝑀 > 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 for ≤C35/40,compressive
reinforcement is required
• For this condition the EC restricts x ≥ 0.45𝑑 to ensure tension
failure
𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑 − 𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑙 Τ2 = 0.82𝑑
• The equilibrium of doubly reinforced section is given by;
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 ⇒ 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠
• With 𝑠 = 0.8 ∗ 0.45𝑑 = 0.36𝑑
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 = 0.204𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠

• Taking moment about the centroid of tension steel As
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
0.204𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 ∗ 0.82𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑀 − 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
• Multiplying both sides by zbal and rearranging gives

0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 with zbal=0.82d
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 ∗𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• Substituting Kbal and K=M/fckbd2
(𝐾 − 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
• Here it is assumed that the compression steel has also yielded, so

fsc=0.87fyk
• From the proportion of strain distribution of diagram
𝜀𝑠𝑐 0.0035 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑠𝑐

= so that, 𝑥 = 1 − 0.0035
𝑥−𝑑′ 𝑥

• Doubly reinforced rectangular Sections cont…
• At yield with fsy=460N/mm2,the strain in steel 𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑦 = 0.002
𝑑′ 0.002
• For yielding of compression steel 𝑥 ≤ 1 − 0.0035 ≤ 0.43,
𝑑′
≤ 0.194
𝑥
• If 𝑑′Τ𝑑 > 0.194 is necessary to calculate the strain 𝜀𝑠𝑐 and
compute 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 ∗ 𝜀𝑠𝑐
Limiting constant values
Concrete Grades 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑠𝑐
<C35/45 >C35/45
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 ∗
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘
Limiting 𝐱 𝐛𝐚𝐥 Τ𝐝 0.45 0.35
Maximum z(zbal) 0.82d 0.86d
Kbal 0.167 0.136
Limiting d’/d 0.194 0.151
• Shear and Bonds
• Shear
• The shear capacity of concrete is given by
𝟑 𝟏
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝒌(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝆𝟏 𝒇𝒄𝒌 )𝟏/𝟑 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒌𝟐 𝒇𝟐𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
Where
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 design shear resistance of a section without shear
reinforcement
𝒌 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎ൗ𝒅 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑨
𝝆𝟏 = 𝒔𝟏ൗ𝒃 𝒅 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝒘
𝑨𝒔𝟏 area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the critical
section by at least full anchorage plus effective depth
𝒃𝒘 the smallest width of the section in tensile area in mm

• Shear and Bonds
• Table Summaries for
Concrete shear
Capacity 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐

• Shear and Bonds
• Shear
• Shear stresses in subjected to uniformly loaded slabs are
sufficiently resisted by the concrete shear strength i.e. with out
the need for shear reinforcement
• The ultimate shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 is made less than the concrete
shear strength 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐
𝑉
• If the allowable shear stress 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑅𝑑,𝑐ൗ𝑏𝑑 and the applied
ultimate shear stress 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑ൗ𝑏𝑑 the design requirement
shall be
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄
𝒗𝑬𝒅 = 𝑽𝑬𝒅ൗ𝒃𝒅 ≤ 𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = ൗ𝒃𝒅

• Shear and Bonds
• Punching Shear
• Concentrated loads on slabs
cause shear stress on
section around the loads
area known as punching
shear
• The critical surface for
checking punching shear is
located at 2d from the loads
area

• Shear
• Punching Shear
• The maximum shear force that can be carried by the slab without
shear reinforcement 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 can be computed using the previous
equations
• If the slab has two way tensile reinforcement 𝜌1 = 𝜌𝑥 𝜌𝑦
• Hence, the resistance force shall be
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄 ∗ 𝒅𝒖
Where 𝑢 length of punching perimeter

𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦
Average effective depth 𝑑 =
2
• The maximum permissible shear force, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,must also be checked

𝒇
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒗𝟏 𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝒖𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒗𝟏 𝒄𝒌ൗ𝟏. 𝟓 𝒖𝒅
𝒇
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒌ൗ𝟐𝟓𝟎

• Bond (Anchor, Development Laps)
• Basic anchor length for good bond condition,𝑙𝑏 ,is given by
𝒇𝒚𝒌
• 𝒍𝒃 = ∗ 𝝓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝟒.𝟔𝒇𝒃𝒅
• 𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝒇𝟎.𝟓
𝒄𝒌 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
• 𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
• The basic anchor length must be modified further to give

minimum net anchor length,𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 , to account for other factors
𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒
𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝜶𝒂 𝒍𝒃 ,
𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐
𝛼𝑎 = 1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 0.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ≥ 3𝜙
𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥0.3𝑙𝑏 in tension
≥0.6𝑙𝑏 in compression
≥ 10𝜙 or 100mm

• Bond (Anchor, Development Laps)
• The lap length 𝑙𝑠 required is given by
𝒍𝒔 = 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 ∗ 𝜶𝟏 where
1 for compression laps
1 for tension laps with 30% lapped bars and cover is greater
than 2 diameters and spacing between adjacent sets of
lapped bars is greater than 6 diameters, otherwise 1.4
1.4 for tension laps with greater than 30% lapped bars
2 if the above conditions are not met
• The absolute minimum lap,𝑙𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒍𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝜶𝒂 𝜶𝟏 𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝟏𝟓𝝓 ≥ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

• Structural Detailing Requirements
• Minimum Cover
• The minimum cover is a function of concrete mix quality, fire
resistance and performance environment
• Cover of reinforcement is shown as nominal, 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
• ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 is an allowance for construction deviation ≥ 10𝑚𝑚
• 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + 𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟ൗ2
• Traditional the minimum cover for superstructure 25mm and
substructure 50mm is adequate
• Please consult codes for detailed directions

• Maximum Spacing of Reinforcements: Crack Control
• Cracking due to loading can be controlled by ensuring the clear
space between longitudinal reinforcement is as shown in the
table below
• The steel stress shown in the table is computed by using
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐺𝑘 +0.3𝑄𝑘 1
𝑓𝑠 = ∗ ∗
1.15 0.35𝐺𝑘 +1.5𝑄𝑘 𝛿
• use δ = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.

• Maximum Bar Diameter: Crack Control
• When cracking is as a result of restraint to shrinkage or thermal
effects then the bar sizes must be limited as indicated in table
below
• But the maximum spacing limits of before do not need to be
applied
• The steel stress to be used in table can be calculated from the
𝐴
expression 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 ( 𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛ൗ𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)

• Minimum Spacing of Reinforcements
• To permit concrete flow around reinforcement during
construction, the clear distance between bars should not be
less than
• the maximum bar size,
• 20 mm, or
• the maximum aggregate size plus 5 mm (if the aggregate size
exceeds 32mm), whichever is the greater figur

• Minimum Area of Reinforcement
• For quick reference the principal requirements, to be checked
at the detailing stage, are as specified below
Tension Reinforcement in beams and Concrete Class (𝒇𝒚𝒌 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵Τ𝒎𝒎𝟐

Slabs
C25/30 C30/35 C40/50 C50/60
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021
> 0.26 (> 0.0013)
𝑏𝑡 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘
Secondary Reinforcement >20% main reinforcement

• Minimum Area of Reinforcement
• For most purposes, thermal and shrinkage cracking can be
controlled within acceptable limits by the use of minimum
reinforcement quantities
𝐴
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑡൘𝑓
𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑐𝑡 area of concrete within tensile zone
𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑒𝑓 tensile strength of concrete suggested value 3N/mm2
𝑘𝑐 stress distribution coefficient 1 for pure tension 0.4 for
flexure
𝑘 non linear stress distribution coefficient should be taken as
0.8 but for rectangular section greater than 800mm 0.5 may be
used other wise take 1.0

• Maximum Area of Reinforcement
• These are determined from practical need to achieve adequate
compaction of the concrete around the reinforcement
• For a slab or beam, tension or compression reinforcement
𝐴
100 ( 𝑠ൗ𝐴 ) ≤ 4 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠
𝑐

Reference values
Concrete Grades C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
fck(N/mm2) 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
fctm(N/mm2) 1.572 1.905 2.210 2.496 3.024 3.509 3.962
fctk(N/mm2) 1.101 1.333 1.547 1.747 2.117 2.456 2.774

fbd(N/mm2) (High
Bond) 1.651 2.000 2.321 2.621 3.175 3.684 4.160

Foundation HU Lec 6

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Foundation HU Lec 6

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Chapter Four

Design of Shallow Foundations

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 2

• The characteristic strength is taken as that value

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 3

• Characteristics tensile strength of concrete,𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 , can be

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 4

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 5

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑭𝒅 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑭𝒌 𝒙 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚(𝜸𝒎 )

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 7

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 8

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 9

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 10

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 11

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Department of Civil Engineerig 12

The curve is parabolic until 𝜀𝑜 = 0.002

The ultimate design stress is given by

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 13

The design yield strain can be computed for

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 15

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 16

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 17

Note that the equivalent rectangular

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 18

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑧 , where z is the moment arm

Hence 𝑀 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 ∗ 𝑧 and replacing s

Solving for z, 𝑧 = 𝑑 ∗ 0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾Τ1.134

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 19

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 20

𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 ⇒ 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 ∗ 𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠

Hence depth of stress block s,

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 21

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 22

𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 ⇒ 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠

• With 𝑠 = 0.8 ∗ 0.45𝑑 = 0.36𝑑

0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 = 0.204𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 23

0.204𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 ∗ 0.82𝑑 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

• Multiplying both sides by zbal and rearranging gives

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 24

• Here it is assumed that the compression steel has also yielded, so

𝜀𝑠𝑐 0.0035 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑠𝑐

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 25

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 27

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 28

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 29

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 30

Where 𝑢 length of punching perimeter

• The maximum permissible shear force, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,must also be checked

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 31

• The basic anchor length must be modified further to give

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 32

𝒍𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝜶𝒂 𝜶𝟏 𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝟏𝟓𝝓 ≥ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 33

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 34

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 35

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 36

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 37

Tension Reinforcement in beams and Concrete Class (𝒇𝒚𝒌 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵Τ𝒎𝒎𝟐

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 38

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 39

Tuesday, September 18, 2018 HU-IOT Civil Eng'g Department 40

fctk(N/mm2) 1.101 1.333 1.547 1.747 2.117 2.456 2.774