Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Non-swelling Clays
– Kaolinite
– Chlorites
– Attapulgite
• Swelling Clay
– Smectite
– Illite
Shale Formation Solids
• Often pose the most problems
• Composed of various clay types
– active - inert, soft - hard
• All shales are water-sensitive, as a function of
exposure time
• Hard shales can slough, soft shale can disperse
• Gumbo is usually a young, tertiary age shale
Drill Solids Contamination
• Drilling Causes Increase in the Surface
Area Unless Drill Solids Removed From
System.
• More Dilution Required to Wet The Solids
Surface.
• Increase in Surface Area Results in Increase
in Rheological Properties.
• Irregular Shape of Drill Solids Leads to
Increase in Filtrate and Cake Thickness.
Bacteria
• Bacterial Action on Organic Additives
– Starch
– XCD Polymer
– Guar Gum
– Lignosulfonates
• Increase in Bicarbonate Contamination
• Mud Turns Black and/or Has Foul Smell
• Add Biocide or Raise pH
Sulfides
• Increase In Viscosity