Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RC14-2420
Contents
Introduction
General Principle of Structural Stability
Columns
Beam-columns
Rigid frames
Beams
Energy and Numerical Method
Specification-Based Applications of Stability in
Steel Design
Course Objectives
Lecture Schedule:
Wednesday, 07.30 – 09.00 a.m.
Break 10 minutes
Wednesday, 09.10 – 10.40 a.m.
Venue : Structure Class
Attendance Percentage:
Evaluation:
Homework/Quiz 30%
Presentation 20%
Middle Test 25%
Final Test 25%
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Examples – small deflection analyses
Examples – large deflection analyses
Examples – imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
STABILITY DEFINITION
P P P
d
BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
BIFURCATION BUCKLING
Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load is
increased, it reaches a critical value where:
The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.
And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.
Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates
Primary load-deformation path before buckling
Secondary load-deformation path post buckling
Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?
SYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
FAILURE OF BEAM-COLUMNS
P M K=0
M
K<0
M
d
P
No bifurcation.
Instability due to material
and geometric nonlinearity
INSTABILITY FAILURE
Snap-through buckling
P
Snap-through
d
INSTABILITY FAILURE
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Examples – small deflection analyses
Examples – large deflection analyses
Examples – imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSES
L
Rotationally restrained at end
L P
kq
q
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
L P
kq L sinq
q
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
k
L
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
L
L sinq
q
O
k L sinq
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
P k k P
q1 q2
A L sin q2 D
L sin q1 (q1 – q2) L
L
C
B (q1 – q2)
k P
P q2
q2(q1 – q2) L sin q2 D
L
A q1 C
L sin q1
L k(2q2-q1)
B q1+(q1-q2)
k(2q1-q2)
2k k
1 0 q 0
L L P
0 1 q 0
1
k 2k 2
L L
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
This is the classical eigenvalue problem. ([K]-l[I]){x}={0}.
We are searching for the eigenvalues (l) of the stiffness matrix [K].
These eigenvalues cause the stiffness matrix to become singular
Singular stiffness matrix means that it has a zero value, which means that
the determinant of the matrix is equal to zero.
2k PL k
0
k 2k PL
(2k PL) 2 k 2 0
(2k PL k ) (2k PL k ) 0
(3k PL) (k PL) 0
3k k
Pcr or
L L
B C
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Second eigenvalue was Pcr=3k/L. Therefore substitute in the equations to
determine q1 and q2
k (2q1 q 2 ) P L q1 0 k (2q 2 q1 ) P L q 2 0
Let P Pcr 3k Let P Pcr 3k
L L
k (2q1 q 2 ) 3kq1 0 k (2q 2 q1 ) 3kq 2 0
kq1 kq 2 0 kq1 kq 2 0
q1 q 2 q1 q 2
All we could find is the relationship between q1 and q2. Not their specific
values. Remember that this is a small deflection analysis. So, the values are
negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape – not its magnitude.
The buckling mode is such that q1=-q2 Antisymmetric
C
buckling mode
L
P k k q2=-q1 P
A q1 D
L
B
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Homework No. 1
Problem 1.1
Problem 1.3
Problem 1.4
All problems from the textbook on Stability by W.F. Chen
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability
OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Bifurcation analysis examples – small deflection analyses
Energy method
Examples – small deflection analyses
Examples – large deflection analyses
Examples – imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
ENERGY METHOD
L
Rotationally restrained at end
L P
kq
q
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
L P
kq L sinq
q
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system
U We
1
U kq2
2
We P L (1 cos q )
1
k q 2 P L (1 cos q )
2
d
k q P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k q P L sin q 0
For small deflections; kq P Lq 0
k
Therefore, Pcr
L
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same load
Pcr as the bifurcation analysis method.
At Pcr, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the total
potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence q will be zero.
In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of P examine the stability of
the initial state-1 (when q =0)
1
k q 2 P L (1 cos q ) d2
2 When P Pcr 0 Stable equilibrium
d dq 2
k q P L sin q k q P L q d2
dq When P Pcr 0 Unstable equilibrium
d2 dq 2
k PL d2
dq 2
When P Pcr 0 Not sure
dq 2
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
Stable
q
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Example 1 – Large deflection analysis (rigid bar with rotational spring)
U We
1
U kq2 L P
2
We P L (1 cos q ) kq
q L sinq
1
k q 2 P L (1 cos q )
2 L cosq
d L (1-cosq)
k q P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k q P L sin q 0
kq
Therefore, P for equilibrium
L sin q
The post buckling P q relationship is given above
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
The load carrying capacity increases after buckling at Pcr
Pcr is where q 0
Rigid bar with rotational spring
1.2
1 kq
P for equilibrium
L sin q
0.8 P q
Pcr sin q
Load P/Pcr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis – Examine the stability of equilibrium using
higher order derivatives of P
1
k q 2 P L (1 cos q )
2
d
k q P L sin q
dq
d2
k P L cos q
dq 2
kq
But , P
L sin q
d2 kq
k L cos q
dq 2 L sin q
d2 q
k (1 )
dq 2 tan q
d2
0 Always (i.e., all values of q )
dq 2
Always STABLE
d2
But , 0 for q 0
dq 2
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
At q =0, the second derivative of P=0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of P at q=0
d 1 d2 1 d3 1 d4 1 dn
q 0 q q
2
q
3
q .....
4
qn
dq q 0 2! dq q 0
2
3! dq q 0
3
4! dq q 0
4
n! dq q 0
n
Since the first non-zero term is > 0, the state is stable at P=Pcr and q=0
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
1
STABLE
STABLE
0.8
Load P/Pcr
0.6
STABLE
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
q00
ENERGY METHOD – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
k q0 L P
L cos(q0)
k(qq0) L sinq
q
q0
L cosq
L (cosq0-cosq)
ENERGY METHOD – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
L P
k(qq0) L sinq
q
q0
U We
1 L cosq
U k (q q 0 ) 2 L (cosq0-cosq)
2
We P L (cos q 0 cos q )
1
k (q q 0 ) 2 P L (cos q 0 cos q )
2
d
k (q q 0 ) P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k (q q 0 ) P L sin q 0
k (q q 0 )
Therefore, P for equilibrium
L sin q
The equilibrium P q relationship is given above
ENERGY METHOD – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
k (q q 0 ) P q q0
P
L sin q Pcr sin q
P q relationsh ipswith
Rigid bar for rotational springof q 0 shown below :
different values
1.2
0.8
Load P/Pcr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
q00 q00.05 q00.1 q00.2 q00.3
ENERGY METHODS – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
2
d
k (q q 0 ) P L sin q
dq
d2
k P L cos q
dq 2
Equilibrium path will be stable
d2
if 0
dq 2
i.e., if k P L cos q 0
k
i.e., if P
L cos q
k (q q 0 ) k
i.e., if
L sin q L cos q
i.e., q q 0 tan q
Which is always true, hence always in STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
k
L
L cosq
L (1-cosq)
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
U We P
L
1 1
U k ( L sin q ) 2 k L2q 2 L sinq
2 2 q
O
We P L (1 cos q ) k L sinq
1
k L2 q 2 P L (1 cos q )
2 L cosq
d
k L2 q P L sin q
dq L (1-cosq)
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k L2 q P L sin q 0
For small deflections; k L2q P Lq 0
Therefore, Pcr k L
ENERGY METHOD – SMALL DEFLECTIONS
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same
load Pcr as the bifurcation analysis method.
At Pcr, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the
total potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence q will be zero.
In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of P examine the
stability of the initial state-1 (when q =0)
1
k L2 q 2 P L (1 cos q )
2
d2
d When, P k L 0 STABLE
k L2 q P L sin q dq 2
dq
d2 d2
k L2 P L cos q When, P k L 0 UNSTABLE
dq 2 dq 2
For small deflections and q 0 d2
When P kL 0 INDETERMINATE
d
2 dq 2
k L2
P L
dq 2
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
L sinq
1
U k ( L sin q ) 2 O
q
2
We P L (1 cos q )
1
k L2 sin 2 q P L (1 cos q ) L cosq
2
d L (1-cosq)
k L2 sin q cos q P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k L2 sin q cos q P L sin q 0
Therefore, P k L cos q for equilibrium
The post buckling P q relationship is given above
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below
The load carrying capacity decreases after buckling at Pcr
Pcr is where q 0
Rigid bar with translational spring
1.2
P k L cos q for equilibrium
P
cos q
1 Pcr
0.8
Load P/Pcr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Large deflection analysis – Examine the stability of equilibrium using
higher order derivatives of P
1
k L2 sin 2 q P L (1 cos q )
2
d
k L2 sin q cos q P L sin q
dq
d2
k L2 cos 2q P L cos q
dq 2
d 1 d2 1 d3 1 d4 1 dn
q 0 q q
2
q
3
q .....
4
qn
dq q 0 2! dq q 0
2
3! dq q 0
3
4! dq q 0
4
n! dq q 0
n
1
k L2 sin 2 q P L (1 cos q ) 0 d4
2 4 k L 2
cos 2q P L cos q
dq 4
d 1
k L2 sin 2q P L sin q 0 d4
dq 2 4 k L2
k L2
3 k L2
dq 4
d2
k L2
cos 2q P L cos q 0 d4
dq 2
0
dq 4
d3
2k L2 sin 2q P L sin q 0 UNSTABLE at q 0 when buckling occurs
dq 3
Since the first non-zero term is < 0, the state is unstable at P=Pcr and q=
ENERGY METHOD – LARGE DEFLECTIONS
1 UNSTABLE
UNSTABLE
0.8
Load P/Pcr
0.6
UNSTABLE
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
q0 P
L
k
L cos(q0)
P
L
L sinq
q
L sinq0
O
q0
L cosq
L (cosq0-cosq)
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
P
L
L sinq
q
L sinq0
O
q0
U We
1
U k L2 (sin q sin q 0 ) 2
2 L cosq
1
k L2 (sin q sin q 0 ) 2 P L (cos q 0 cos q )
2
d
k L2 (sin q sin q 0 ) cos q P L sin q
dq
d
For equilibrium; 0
dq
Therefore, k L2 (sin q sin q 0 ) cos q P L sin q 0
sin q 0
Therefore, P k L cos q (1 ) for equilibrium
sin q
The equilibrium P q relationship is given above
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
sin q 0 P sin q 0
P k L cos q (1 ) cos q (1 )
sin q Pcr sin q
dP sin q
Pmax Rigid
0 bar q 2 0 ) spring
( sintranslational
k Lwith 0 sin q 0 sin 3 q
1.2
dq sin q
Pmax k L cos 3 q Envelope of peak
1 loads Pmax
0.8
Load P/Pcr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
End rotation q
q00 q00.05 q00.1 q00.2 q00.3
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are
applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the load-
deformation paths to the perfect system load –deformation path.
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the
imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.
Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections.
However, for an unstable system – the effects of imperfections
may be too large.
ENERGY METHODS – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order
derivatives of P 1 k L (sin q sin q ) P L (cosq cosq )
2 2
0 0
2
d
k L2 (sin q sin q 0 ) cos q P L sin q
dq
d2
k L2 (cos 2q sin q 0 sin q ) P L cos q
dq 2
sin q 0
For equilibrium P k L 1
sin q
d2 2 sin q 0
k L2
(cos 2 q sin q sin q ) k L 1 cos 2 q
dq sin q
0
2
d2 2 sin q 0 cos 2 q
k L cos q sin q sin q 0 sin q cos q
2 2 2
dq 2 sin q
d2 2 sin q 0 cos 2 q
k L sin q sin q 0 sin q
2
dq 2 sin q
d2 2 sin q sin q 0 (sin q cos q )
3 2 2
kL
dq 2 sin q
d2 2 sin q sin q 0
3
kL
dq 2 sin q
ENERGY METHOD – IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
d2 2 sin q sin q 0
3 sin q 0
kL P k L cos q (1 ) and Pmax k L cos 3 q
dq 2 sin q sin q
When P Pmax
d2
0 when P Pmax Stable sin q 0
dq 2 k L cos q (1 ) k L cos 3 q
sin q
d2
0 when P Pmax Unstable sin q 0
dq 2 1 cos 2 q
sin q
sin q 0
1 1 sin 2 q
sin q
d2 2 sin q 0 sin q
3
sin q 0 sin q3
and k L 0
dq 2 sin q
When P Pmax
sin q 0
k L cos q (1 ) k L cos 3 q
sin q
sin q 0
1 cos 2 q
sin q
sin q 0
1 1 sin 2 q
sin q
d2 2 sin q 0 sin q
3
sin q 0 sin q3
and k L 0
dq 2 sin q
Chapter 2. – Second-Order Differential Equations
dA A; dA I y ; dA I x
2 2
x y
A A A
s
Vy
t
Ix y t ds
O
Vx s
t x t ds
Iy O
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Differential equations of bending
Assume principle of superposition
Treat forces and deformations in y-z and x-z
plane seperately
Both the end shears and qy act in a plane
parallel to the y-z plane through the shear
center S
dV y
q y
dz
dM x
Vy
dz
d 2M x
q y
dz 2
d 2 (E I x f y )
q y
dz 2
E I x f y q y
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Differential equations of bending
E I x f y q y
v
fy
1 (v) 2 3/ 2
MZ=MSV + MW
Where,
MSV = G KT f′ and MW = - E Iw f"‘
MSV = Pure or Saint Venant’s torsion moment
KT = J = Torsional constant =
f is the angle of twist of the cross-section. It is a function of z.
IW is the warping moment of inertia of the cross-section. This is
a new cross-sectional property you may not have seen before.
MZ = G KT f′ - E Iw f"‘ ……… (3), differential equation of torsion
Pure Torsion Differential Equation
Lets look closely at pure or Saint Venant’s torsion. This occurs when
the warping of the cross-section is unrestrained or absent
dz r df
df
r r f
dz
G r f
M SV r dA G f r 2 dA
A A
M SV G K T f
where, K T J r 2 dA
A
SV G r f
( SV )max G t f
sv
Warping deformations
dM Z
mZ
dz
G K T f E I w f iv m Z
G KT m mz z 2
f iv f Z f C 4 C 5 z C 6 cosh lz C 7 sinh lz
E IW E IW 2 G KT
mZ
f iv l2 f
E IW
The coefficients C1 .... C6 can be obtained using end conditions
Torsion Differential Equation Solution
Torsionally fixed end conditions are given by f f 0
These imply that twisting and warping at the fixed end are fully
restrained. Therefore, equal to zero.
Torsionally pinned or simply-supported end conditions given by:
f f 0
These imply that at the pinned end twisting is fully restrained (f=0) and
warping is unrestrained or free. Therefore, W=0 f’’=0
Torsionally free end conditions given by f’=f’’ = f’’’= 0
These imply that at the free end, the section is free to warp and there
are no warping normal or shear stresses.
Results for various torsional loading conditions given in the AISC
Design Guide 9 – can be obtained from my private site
Warping Torsion Stresses
Restraint to warping produces longitudinal and shear stresses
W E Wn f
W t E SW f
where,
Wn Normalized Unit Warping Section Pr operty
SW Warping Statical Moment Section Pr operty
E I x v M x (1)
E I y u M y (2)
G K T f E I W f M z (3)
NOTES:
(1) Three uncoupled differential equations
(2) Elastic material – first order force-deformation theory
(3) Small deflections only
(4) Assumes – no influence of one force on other deformations
(5) Equations of equilibrium in the undeformed state.
HOMEWORK # 3
Consider the 22 ft. long simply-supported W18x65 wide flange beam
shown in Figure 1 below. It is subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 1k/ft that is placed with an eccentricity of 3 in. with respect to the
centroid (and shear center).
At the mid-span and the end support cross-sections, calculate the
magnitude and distribution of:
Normal and shear stresses due to bending
Shear stresses due to pure torsion
Warping normal and shear stresses over the cross-section.
Provide sketches and tables of the individual normal and shear stress
distributions for each case.
Superimpose the bending and torsional stress-states to determine the
magnitude and location of maximum stresses.
HOMEWORK # 2
22 ft.
Span 3in.
W18x65
Cross-section
Chapter 2. – Second-Order Differential Equations
Displacements of Q are:
uQ = u + a f sin a
vQ = v – a f cos a
where a is the distance from Q to S
But, sin a = (y0-y) / a
cos a = (x0-x) / a
Therefore, displacements of Q are:
uQ = u + f (y0-y)
vQ = v – f (x0 – x)
Displacements of centroid C are:
uc = u + f (y0)
vc = v - f (x0)
Internal forces – second-order effects
Consider the free body diagrams of
the member in the deformed state.
Look at the deformed state in the x-z
and y-z planes in this Figure.
The internal resisting moment at a
distance z from the lower end are:
Mx = - MBX + Ry z + P vc
My = - MBY + Rx z - P uc
The end reactions Rx and Ry are:
Rx = (MTY + MBY) / L
Ry = (MTX + MBX) / L
Internal forces – second-order effects
Therefore,
M x M BX
z
(M TX M BX ) P(v f x0 )
L
(M TY M BY ) P(u f y0 )
z
M y M BY
L
Internal forces in the deformed state
In the deformed state, the cross-section is such that the principal
coordinate systems are changed from x-y-z to the xhz system
uc
vc
x
x h
y
MBx P
Rx
Ry
MBY
x uc
vc
x
z z
y
h
Mς Mξ σ+d
σ
a
Mη
σ
z
Mx
Rx
My Ry P
Internal forces in the deformed state
The internal forces Mx and My must be transformed to these new xh
z axes
Since the angle f is small
Mx Mx + f My
Mh = My – f Mx
M x M BX
z
(M TX M BX ) P(v f x0 )
L
(M TY M BY ) P(u f y0 )
z
M y M BY
L
M x M BX
z
(M TX M BX ) P v f P x0 M BY z (M TY M BY )
L L
M h M BY
z
(M TY M BY ) P u f P y0 M BX z (M TX M BX )
L L
Twisting component of internal forces
v
u
u v
Let , a 2 dA K
A
df
Mz 3 K
dz
df
Mz 3 K for small angles
dz
Twisting component – 4 of 4
Let , a 2 dA K
A
df
Mz 3 K
dz
df
Mz 3 K for small angles
dz
x
y
x
y
Total Twisting Component
Mz = Mz1 + Mz2 + Mz3 + Mz4
Mz1 = Mx u’ + My v’
Mz2 = P (y0 u’ – x0 v’)
Mz4 = – (MTY + MBY) v/L – (MTX + MBX) u/L
Mz3 = -K f’
Therefore,
Mz Mx u’ + My v’+ P (y0 u’ – x0 v’) – (MTY + MBY) v/L – (MTX + MBX) u/L-K
f’
M x M BX (M TX M BX ) P v f P x0 M BY (M TY M BY )
While, z z
L L
M h M BY
z
(M TY M BY ) P u f P y0 M BX z (M TX M BX )
L L
Total Twisting Component
Mz = Mz1 + Mz2 + Mz3 + Mz4
Mz1 = Mx u’ + My v’ Mz2 = P (y0 u’ – x0 v’) Mz3 = -K f’
Mz4 = – (MTY + MBY) v/L – (MTX + MBX) u/L
Therefore,
v u
M z M x u M y v P ( y0 u x0 v ) ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K f
L L
v u
M z ( M x P y0 ) u ( M y P x0 ) v ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K f
L L
z
But , M x M BX ( M BX M TX ) P (v f x0 )
L
z
and , M y M BY ( M BY M TY ) P (u f y0 )
L
z z
M z ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v
L L
v u
( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K f
L L
Internal moments about the xhz axes
Thus, now we have the internal moments about the xhz axes for the
deformed member cross-section.
( M TX M BX ) P v f P x0 M BY ( M TY M BY )
z z
M x M BX
L L
z z
M h M BY (MMTYTX+M
MBYBX ) P u f P y0 M BX (M MBXBY )
TY+M
MTX
L L
z z
M z ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v
L L
v u
( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K f
L L
z
x
h
Internal Moment – Deformation Relations
The internal moments Mx, Mh, and Mz will still produce flexural bending
about the centroidal principal axis and twisting about the shear center.
The flexural bending about the principal axes will produce
linearly varying longitudinal stresses.
The torsional moment will produce longitudinal and shear
stresses due to warping and pure torsion.
The differential equations relating moments to deformations are
still valid. Therefore,
Mx = - E Ix v” …………………..(Ix = Ix)
Mh = E Ih u” …………………..(Ih = Iy)
Mz = G KT f’ – E Iw f’”
Internal Moment – Deformation Relations
Therefore,
( M TX M BX ) P v f P x0 M BY ( M TY M BY )
z z
M x E I x v M BX
L L
z z
M h E I y u M BY (M TX +MBY
MTY M ) P u f P y M ( M M )
M TY +MBXBY
L TX
BX 0 BX
L
z
M z G KT f E I w f ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u
L
z v u
( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K f
L L L
Second-Order Differential Equations
You end up with three coupled differential equations that relate
the applied forces and moments to the deformations u, v, and f.
Therefore,
z z
1 E I x v P v f P x0 M BY ( M TY M BY ) M BX ( M TX M BX )
L L
z z
2 E I y u P u f P y0 M BX (M
+M
MMTYTX M BYBX) M BY (M
+M BYBX )
M
TX+M
MTY
L TX BX L
z
3 E I w f (G KT K ) f u ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 )
L
z v u
v ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) 0
L L L
1 E I x v P v f ( P x0 ) 0
2 E I y u P u f ( P y0 ) 0
3 E I w f (G KT K ) f u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0
K f a 2 f dA
A
where,
P M x y Mh x
E Wn f
A Ix Iy
M x P (v f x0 )
M h P (u f y0 )
P P (v f x0 ) y P (u f y0 ) x
K f E Wn f f a 2 dA
A
A
Ix Iy
P P (v f x0 ) y P (u f y0 ) x
K f E Wn f f a 2 dA
A Ix Iy A
P
Neglecting higher order terms; K f f a 2 dA
A A
Wagner’s effect for columns
But , a 2 ( x0 x) 2 ( y0 y ) 2
a 2 dA ( x0 x) 2 ( y0 y ) 2 dA
A A
a 2 dA x02 y02 x 2 y 2 2 x0 x 2 y0 y dA
A A
a 2 dA x02 y02 dA x 2 dA y 2 dA 2 x0 x dA 2 y0 y dA
A A A A A A
a 2 dA ( x02 y02 ) A I x I y
A
Finally,
P
K f ( x02 y02 ) A I x I y f
A
Ix I y
K f P ( x02 y02 ) f
A
2 Ix I y
Let r0 ( x0 y0 )
2 2
A
K f P r02 f
Second-order differential equations for columns
Simplify to:
1 E I x v P v f ( P x0 ) 0
2 E I y u P u f ( P y0 ) 0
3 E I w f ( P r02 G KT ) f u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0
Where
Ix I y
r0 x y
2 2
0
2
0
A
Column buckling – doubly symmetric section
For a doubly symmetric section, the shear center is located at the
centroid xo= y0 = 0. Therefore, the three equations become uncoupled
1 E I x v P v 0
2 E I y u P u 0
3 E I w f ( P r02 G KT ) f 0
Take two derivatives of the first two equations and one more derivative
of the third equation.
1 E I x v iv P v 0
2 E I y u iv P u 0
3 E I w f iv ( P r02 G KT ) f 0
P P P r 2
G KT
Let , Fv2 Fu2 Ff2 0
E Ix E Iy E Iw
Column buckling – doubly symmetric section
3
f iv Ff2f 0
All three equations are similar and of the fourth order. The
solution will be of the form C1 sin lz + C2 cos lz + C3 z + C4
Need four boundary conditions to evaluate the constant C1..C4
For the simply supported case, the boundary conditions are:
u= u”=0; v= v”=0; f= f”=0
Lets solve one differential equation – the solution will be valid for
all three.
Column buckling – doubly symmetric section
viv Fv2 v 0
Solution is
v C1 sin Fv z C2 cos Fv z C3 z C4
v C1 Fv2 sin Fv z C2 Fv2 cos Fv z
The coefficient matrix 0
Boundary conditions :
v(0) v(0) v( L) v( L) 0 Fv2 sin Fv L 0
sin Fv L 0
C2 C4 0 v(0) 0 Fv L n
C2 0 v(0) 0 P n
Fv
C1 sin Fv L C2 cos Fv L C3 L C4 v( L) 0 E Ix L
C1 Fv2 sin Fv L C2 Fv2 cos Fv L v( L) 0 n2 2
Px 2 E I x
L
0 1 0 1 C1 0 Smallest value of n 1:
0 1 0 0 C2 0
2 E Ix
sin Fv L cos Fv L L 1 C3 0 Px
Fv2 sin Fv L Fv2 cos Fv L 0 0 C4 0 L2
Column buckling – doubly symmetric section
Similarly, Similarly,
sin Fu L 0 sin Ff L 0
Fu L n Ff L n
P n P r02 G KT n
Fu Ff
E Iy L E Iw L
n2 2 n2 2 1
Py 2 E I y Pf 2 E I w G KT 2
L L r0
2 E Iy Smallest value of n 1:
Smallest value of n 1: Py 2
L
n2 2 1
Pf 2 E I w G KT 2
2 E Ix L r0
Px 1
L2
2 E Iy
Summary Py 2
2
L
2 E Iw 1
Pf 2
G K T 2 3
L r0
Column buckling – doubly symmetric section
These are, flexural buckling about the x and y axes and torsional
buckling about the z axis.
As you can see, the three buckling modes are uncoupled. You must
compute all three buckling load values.
The smallest of three buckling loads will govern the buckling of the
column.
Column buckling – boundary conditions
Consider the case of fix-fix boundary conditions:
viv Fv2 v 0
Solution is
v C1 sin Fv z C2 cos Fv z C3 z C4 The coefficient matrix 0
v C1 Fv cos Fv z C2 Fv sin Fv z C3 Fv L sin Fv L 2 cos Fv L 2 0
Boundary conditions : Fv L Fv L Fv L
2 sin F L cos 2sin 0
2 2
v
v(0) v(0) v( L) v( L) 0 2
C2 C4 0 v(0) 0 Fv L
n
2
C1 Fv C3 0 v(0) 0
2n
C1 sin Fv L C2 cos Fv L C3 L C4 v( L) 0 Fv
L
C1 Fv cos Fv L C2 Fv sin Fv L C3 v( L) 0 4 n2 2
Px E Ix
L2
0 1 0 1 C1 0 Smallest value of n 1:
Fv 0 1 0 C2 0
2 E Ix 2 E Ix
sin Fv L cos Fv L L 1 C3 Px
0 ( 0.5 L )
2
( K L )
2
Fv cos Fv L Fv sin Fv L 1 0 C4 0
Column Boundary Conditions
2 E Iy
Py 2
( K L)
2
y
2 E I 1
Pf w
G KT 2 3
( K z L )
2
r0
Ky Y K y
rx rx rx
Pf 2 E I w 2 A 1
G K r
x ( x y)
2 T x r2 I I A Y
PY
K L
z rx
Pf 2 E I w 2 1
G K r
x ( x y) Y
T x 2
r I I
2
PY
K L
z rx
Pf 578.26
2
0.2333
PY L
rx
Column buckling – example.
2
1.6
1.4
1.2
Yield load PY
Cannot be exceeded
1
0.8
The first equation for flexural buckling about the x-axis (axis of
non-symmetry) becomes uncoupled.
E I x v P v 0 (1)
Equations (2) and (3) are still
E I x v P v 0
iv
coupled in terms of u and f.
viv Fv 2 v 0
P 2 E I y u P u f ( P y0 ) 0
where, Fv 2
E Ix 3 E I w f ( P r02 G KT ) f u ( P y0 ) 0
v C1 sin Fv z C2 cos Fv z C3 z C4
Boundary conditions
These equations will be satisfied by
sin Fv L 0
the solutions of the form
2 E Ix u=C2 sin (z/L) and f=C3 sin (z/L)
Px
( K x Lx ) 2
Buckling mod v C1 sin Fv z
Column Buckling – Singly Symmetric Columns
E I y u P u f ( P y0 ) 0 (2)
E I w f ( P r02 G KT ) f u ( P y0 ) 0 (3)
E I y u iv P u f ( P y0 ) 0
E I w f iv ( P r02 G KT ) f u ( P y0 ) 0
z z
Let , u C2 sin ; f C3 sin
L L
Therefore, substituting these in equations 2 and 3
z z z
4 2 2
2 E Iy 2 E Iw 1
Let , Py 2
and Pf 2
G K T 2
L L r0
Py P C2 P y0 C3 0
Pf P r02C3 P y0 C2 0
Py P P y0 C2
2 0
P y0 ( Pf P ) r0 3
C
Py P P y0
0
P y0 ( Pf P ) r02
Column Buckling – Singly Symmetric Columns
y02 2 (1 2 )
( Py Pf ) ( Py Pf ) 4 Py Pf (1 2 )
2
r0
r0
P
y02
2 (1 2 ) Thus, there are two roots for P
r0
Smaller value will govern
y02
4 Py Pf (1 r 2 ) y 2
( Py Pf ) ( Py Pf ) 2 1 0 4 Py Pf (1 2 )
0
2 ( P P )
( Py Pf ) P P y f 1 1 r0
y02 ( Py Pf ) 2
2 (1 2 )
P
y 2 r0
2 (1 02 )
r0
Column Buckling – Singly Symmetric Columns
The critical buckling load will the lowest of Px and the two roots
shown on the previous slide.
If the flexural torsional buckling load govern, then the buckling
mode will be C2 sin (z/L) x C3 sin (z/L)
This buckling mode will include both flexural and torsional
deformations – hence flexural-torsional buckling mode.
Column Buckling – Asymmetric Section
No axes of symmetry: Therefore, shear center S (xo, yo) is such that
neither xo not yo are zero.
E I x v P v f ( P x0 ) 0 (1)
E I y u P u f ( P y0 ) 0 (2)
E I w f ( P r02 G KT ) f u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0 (3)
For simply supported boundary conditions: (u, u”, v, v”, f, f”=0), the
solutions to the differential equations can be assumed to be:
u = C1sin (z/L)
v = C2 sin (z/L)
f = C3 sin (z/L)
These solutions will satisfy the boundary conditions noted above
Column Buckling – Asymmetric Section
Substitute the solutions into the d.e. and assume that it satisfied too:
2
z z z
E I x C1 sin P C1 sin P x0 C3 sin 0
L L L L
2
z z z
E I y C2 sin P C2 sin P y0 C3 sin 0
L L L L
3
z z z z
E I w C3 cos ( P r0 G KT ) C3 cos
2
P y0 C1 cos P x0 C2 cos 0
L L L L L L L L
2 z
E Ix P 0 P x0 C1 sin
L L
0
z
2
0 E Iy P P y0 C2 sin 0
L L 0
2 z
P x0 P y0 E I w ( P r0 G KT ) C3 cos
2
L L L
Column Buckling – Asymmetric Section
z
C1 sin
P P L
0 P x0 0
x
z
0 Py P P y0 C2 sin L 0
Px
P y0 Pf P r02
0
C cos z
0
L 3
L
where,
2 E Iw 1
2 2
Px EI x Py EI y Pf G K T
L L
2
L2 r0
r
(
P Pf P ( P Px ) o2 P 2 P Py ) o
r2
0
o o
Column Buckling – Asymmetric Section
y2 x2
( P Px ) ( P Py ) ( )
P Pf P ( P Px ) o2
2
r
(
P 2 P Py ) o
r2
0
o o
This is the equation for predicting buckling of a column with an
asymmetric section.
The equation is cubic in P. Hence, it can be solved to obtain three
roots Pcr1, Pcr2, Pcr3.
The smallest of the three roots will govern the buckling of the column.
The critical buckling load will always be smaller than Px, Py, and Pf
The buckling mode will always include all three deformations u, v, and
f. Hence, it will be a flexural-torsional buckling mode.
For boundary conditions other than simply-supported, the
corresponding Px, Py, and Pf can be modified to include end condition
effects Kx, Ky, and Kf
Homework No. 4
See word file
Problem No. 1
Consider a column with doubly symmetric cross-section. The boundary conditions
for flexural buckling are simply supported at one end and fixed at the other end.
Solve the differential equation for flexural buckling for these boundary conditions
and determine the eigenvalue (buckling load) and the eigenmode (buckling shape).
Plot the eigenmode.
How the eigenvalue compare with the effective length approach for predicting
buckling?
What is the relationship between the eigenmode and the effective length of the
column (Refer textbook).
Problem No. 2
Consider an A992 steel W14 x 68 column cross-section. Develop the normalized
buckling load (Pcr/PY) vs. slenderness ratio (L/rx) curves for the column cross-
section. Assume that the boundary conditions are simply supported for buckling
about the x, y, and z axes.
Which buckling mode dominates for different column lengths?
Is torsional buckling a possibility for practical columns of this length?
Will elastic buckling occur for most practical lengths of this column?
Problem No. 3
Consider a C10 x 30 column section. The length of the column is 15 ft. What is the
buckling capacity of the column if it is simply supported for buckling about the y-
axis (of non-symmetry), pin-fix for flexure about the x-axis (of symmetry) and
simply supported in torsion about the z-axis. Which buckling mode dominates?
Column Buckling - Inelastic
A long topic
Effects of geometric imperfection
L L L L
2 2
C Fv C Fv do 0 and D Fv D 0
2 2 2
L L
Fv2do
C and D 0
2
Fv
2
L
Solution becomes
Fv2do z
v A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z) sin
2 L
Fv
2
L
Geometric Imperfection
Solve for A and B P
Boundary conditions v(0) v(L) 0 PE z
v do sin
P L
v(0) B 0 1
PE
v(L) A sin Fv L 0
Total Deflection
A0
P
Solution becomes
PE z z
Fv2do z v vo do sin do sin
v sin P L L
2 1
L PE
Fv
2
L P
Fv2 P z 1 z
do E 1do sin do sin
2 P 1 P L 1 P L
do
L z PE z PE PE
v sin sin
Fv2 L 1 P L z
1 AFdo sin
2 PE L
L AF = amplification factor
Geometric Imperfection
1
AF amplification factor
P
1
PE
M x P(v v o )
z
M x AF (Pdo sin )
L
i.e., M x AF (moment due to initial crooked)
12
Increases exponentially
10
Limit AF for design
Amplification Factor AF
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/PE
Residual Stress Effects
Residual Stress Effects
History of column inelastic buckling
ES1 E t S2 0
y
where, S1 ( y y y1 ) dA
y y1
y y1
and S 2 ( y y1 y) dA
( d y )
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
S1 and S2 are the statical moments of the areas to the left and
right of the neutral axis.
Note that the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid any
more.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated using the equation
derived ES1 - EtS2 = 0
M Pv
y y y1
M dU ( y y y1) dA d L ( y y1 y) dA
y y1 ( d y )
M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
y
where, I1 ( y y y1 ) 2 dA
y y1
y y1
and I 2 ( y y1 y) 2 dA
( d y )
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
Pv ( EI1 E t I2 )v 0
P
v v 0
EI1 E t I2
v Fv2v 0
P P
where, Fv2
EI1 E t I2 EIx
I I
and E E 1 E t 2
Ix Ix
2 EI x E is the reduced or double modulus
PR
(KL) 2 PR is the reduced modulus buckling load
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
For 50 years, engineers were faced with the dilemma that the
reduced modulus theory is correct, but the experimental data
was closer to the tangent modulus theory. How to resolve?
Shanley eventually resolved this dilemma in 1947. He
conducted very careful experiments on small aluminum
columns.
He found that lateral deflection started very near the theoretical
tangent modulus load and the load capacity increased with
increasing lateral deflections.
The column axial load capacity never reached the calculated
reduced or double modulus load.
Shanley developed a column model to explain the observed
phenomenon
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
Column Inelastic Buckling
Three different theories P
Tangent modulus
Reduced modulus
Shanley model
dP/dv=0
T T
T f ( y h / 2) E T
M x ( T f ( y h / 2)E T ) ydA
A
M x T y dA E T f y 2 dA (fh / 2)E T ) y dA
A A A
M x 0 E T f Ix 0
M x E T Ix v
The equation Mx- PTv=0 becomes -ETIxv” - PTv=0
Solution is PT= ETIx/L
2 2
Example - Aluminum columns
E 1.980E-03
2.178E-03
20
22
10099.8
10098.8
10099.5
10097.6
n1 2.376E-03 24 10094.2 10088.7
0.002 2.575E-03 26 10075.1 10054.2
1 nE 2.775E-03 28 10005.7 9934.0
0.2 0.2 2.979E-03 30 9779.8 9563.7
3.198E-03 32 9142.0 8602.6
E 3.458E-03
3.829E-03
34
36
7697.4
5394.2
6713.6
4251.9
E 4.483E-03 38 3056.9 2218.6
n1 E T
5.826E-03 40 1488.8 1037.0
0.002 8.771E-03 42 679.2 468.1
1 nE 1.529E-02 44 306.9 212.4
0.2
0.2
2.949E-02
5.967E-02
46
48
140.8
66.3
98.5
46.9
1.221E-01 50 32.1 23.0
Tangent Modulus Buckling
Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain
Stress-tangent modulus relationship
60
12000
50
10000
30 6000
4000
20
2000
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 Stress (ksi)
E
Residual Stress Effects
One major constrain on residual
stresses is that they must be such
that
dA 0
r
0 2 b / 2 2 y
0.5 y y x d dx 0.5 y x d dx
b / 2 b 0 b
2d y b 2 2d y b 2
0.5 y d b 2 0.5 y d b 2
b 8 b 8
0
0.5 y
2 EIx 2 EIy
Px 2
and Py y
L L2 ab ab
Yielding occurs when
x
0.5 y i.e., P 0.5PY
Inelastic buckling will occur after 0.5 y y
Y Y
2Y/b
2
Y Y ab Y (1 2a )
b
Residual Stress Effects
If inelastic buckling occurs about x axis
2E d3
Pcr PTx 2 (2ab)
L 12 ab ab
2 EIx
PTx 2a x
L2
1 Pcr
PTx Px 2 1 y
2 PY
1 PTx
PTx Px 2 1 Pcr PTx
2 PY
2
PTx Px 1 PTx P 1 E r
2 1 Let, x 2 2 x
PY PY 2 PY PY lx Y K x Lx
PTx 1 1 PTx
2 1
PY l2x 2 PY
PTx
21
PY
l2x PTx
PY
If inelastic buckling occurs about y axis
2E d
Pcr PTy (2ab) 3
L2 12
2 EIy
( )
3
PTy 2a
L2 ab ab
3
1 P x
PTy Py 2 1 cr
2 PY
P 3 y
PTy Py 21 Ty Pcr PTy
PY
3
PTy Py PTy P 1 E r 2
21 Let, y 2 2 y
PY PY PY PY ly Y K y Ly
3
P P
1
Ty 2 21 Ty
PY ly PY
3
P
21 Ty
PY
ly
2
PTy
PY
Residual Stress Effects
Centroidal axis
Section Dimension
b 12 fiber no. Afib xfib yfib r-fib r-fib Ix fib Iy fib
d 4 1 2.4 -5.7 0 -22.5 -7.759E-04 3.2 78.05
y 50 2 2.4 -5.1 0 -17.5 -6.034E-04 3.2 62.50
3 2.4 -4.5 0 -12.5 -4.310E-04 3.2 48.67
No. of fibers 20 4 2.4 -3.9 0 -7.5 -2.586E-04 3.2 36.58
5 2.4 -3.3 0 -2.5 -8.621E-05 3.2 26.21
6 2.4 -2.7 0 2.5 8.621E-05 3.2 17.57
A 48 7 2.4 -2.1 0 7.5 2.586E-04 3.2 10.66
Ix 64 8 2.4 -1.5 0 12.5 4.310E-04 3.2 5.47
Iy 576.00 9 2.4 -0.9 0 17.5 6.034E-04 3.2 2.02
10 2.4 -0.3 0 22.5 7.759E-04 3.2 0.29
11 2.4 0.3 0 22.5 7.759E-04 3.2 0.29
12 2.4 0.9 0 17.5 6.034E-04 3.2 2.02
13 2.4 1.5 0 12.5 4.310E-04 3.2 5.47
14 2.4 2.1 0 7.5 2.586E-04 3.2 10.66
15 2.4 2.7 0 2.5 8.621E-05 3.2 17.57
16 2.4 3.3 0 -2.5 -8.621E-05 3.2 26.21
17 2.4 3.9 0 -7.5 -2.586E-04 3.2 36.58
18 2.4 4.5 0 -12.5 -4.310E-04 3.2 48.67
19 2.4 5.1 0 -17.5 -6.034E-04 3.2 62.50
20 2.4 5.7 0 -22.5 -7.759E-04 3.2 78.05
Tangent Modulus Buckling - numerical
Strain Increment
Fiber no. tot fib Efib Tx-fib Ty-fib Pfib
-0.0003 1 -1.076E-03 -31.2 29000 92800 2.26E+06 -74.88
2 -9.034E-04 -26.2 29000 92800 1.81E+06 -62.88
3 -7.310E-04 -21.2 29000 92800 1.41E+06 -50.88
4 -5.586E-04 -16.2 29000 92800 1.06E+06 -38.88
5 -3.862E-04 -11.2 29000 92800 7.60E+05 -26.88
6 -2.138E-04 -6.2 29000 92800 5.09E+05 -14.88
7 -4.138E-05 -1.2 29000 92800 3.09E+05 -2.88
8 1.310E-04 3.8 29000 92800 1.59E+05 9.12
9 3.034E-04 8.8 29000 92800 5.85E+04 21.12
10 4.759E-04 13.8 29000 92800 8.35E+03 33.12
11 4.759E-04 13.8 29000 92800 8.35E+03 33.12
12 3.034E-04 8.8 29000 92800 5.85E+04 21.12
13 1.310E-04 3.8 29000 92800 1.59E+05 9.12
14 -4.138E-05 -1.2 29000 92800 3.09E+05 -2.88
15 -2.138E-04 -6.2 29000 92800 5.09E+05 -14.88
16 -3.862E-04 -11.2 29000 92800 7.60E+05 -26.88
17 -5.586E-04 -16.2 29000 92800 1.06E+06 -38.88
18 -7.310E-04 -21.2 29000 92800 1.41E+06 -50.88
19 -9.034E-04 -26.2 29000 92800 1.81E+06 -62.88
20 -1.076E-03 -31.2 29000 92800 2.26E+06 -74.88
Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical
1
( T/ Y)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
KL/r ratio
(KL/r)x (KL/r)y
Column Inelastic Buckling
1.2 1.2
1 1.0
Normalized column capacity
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Num-x Num-y Analytical-x
Elastic
Lambda
AISC-Design Analytical-y
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Going back to the original three second-order differential
equations:
Therefore,
z z
1 E I x v P v f P x0 M BY ( M TY M BY ) M BX ( M TX M BX )
L L
z z
2 E I y u P u f P y0 M BX (M ( MTXTY +M
MBXBY )) M BY ((M TY+M
M TX BX))
MBY
L L
z
3 E I w f (G KT K ) f u ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 )
L
z v u
v ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) 0
L L L
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Mo
But , y neglecting higher order terms
Ix
Mo
K y ( xo x) 2 ( yo y ) 2 dA
A
Ix
Mo
K 2 yy0 dA
2 2 2 2
y xo x 2 xx0 y o y
Ix A
Mo 2
K o 0 o o
2 2 2 2
x y dA y x y dA x 2xy dA y y dA 2 y y dA
Ix A A A A A
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Mo
K y x y dA 2 yo I x
2 2
Ix A
y x 2 y 2 dA
A
K Mo 2 yo
Ix
dA
2 2
y x y
K M ox where, x A
2 yo
Ix
x is a new sec tional property
L
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 l1 l1 2 2l1 2
2
l2 L
L L
4 4
2 2
l2 2 l1 2
L L
M o2 2 G KT 2
l2 2 2
E I y Iw L E I w L2
2
G KT
2 2E I y 2E Iw
Mo (E 2
I y Iw ) 2 2 Mo
L2
L2
G KT
L E I w L