DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DODY SETYAWAN
• Digestive System  changing the food eaten
into energy

The decomposition of food by mechanics and

chemicals process into useful materials for
energy
 The term in the digestive system
• Catabolism the decomposition reaction of
complex compounds into simpler compounds and
energy ATP help of enzymes
• Anabolism compile some simple organic
compounds into chemical compounds or complex
molecules
• Absorption  the absorption process of a
substance
• Egesti the process of eliminating undigested
residues
• Ingesti the process of ingestion of food into
the mouth
• Nutrien elements that are digested to make
fuel for the body (Karbohidrat, Protein &
Lemak)
• Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) 
food processing machinery for digestion and
absorption
• Called  cephalic phase of digestion the
digestion begins
preparing
food for
digestion

The main
function
of the
mouth
receive food start the
by ingesti starch
process digestion
Salivary Gland
• It’s exocrine gland 
its secretion is not directly excreted into the
circulation but is released into the oral cavity
• Produce 1-1.5 L into the oral cavity
• Name of this gland depend on location
(sublingual, parotid, & submandibular)
• It is consist of water, muccus, salt, ptialin
enzyme
 Types of saliva

Saliva function:
break down
polysaccharides
into smaller
molecules of
Dilute & watery Thick sugar, prevent
oral infection
(lysozyme & IgA)

Containing mucin,
Wetting the food
lubrication and
and easily
forming food
swallowed
bolus
Teeth
Holding and tearing food

Destroying and grinding

food

Cut & tear the food

Tongue
 The work of
respiration and
digestion can be
controlled

Epiglottis will close

to the larynx and
trachea when
swallowing food
ESOPHAGUS
• As a channel
• There is LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter) 
keeping the gastric hole for preventing the
food returning to the esophagus
• If LES does not close adequately occur acid
reflux
• If LES does not relax, it can occur Akalasia
STOMACH
• The muscles in the stomach  to stir, shake the food &
decompose it into small particles

The food is
stirred into a
kimus (3-5
hours)

The movement of the

periltastic move the
food out of the pylorus

If the stomach irritates, periltastik

becomes reversed food into the
esophagus and out through the mouth
(Emesis)
SMALL INTESTINE
Part of Small Intestine Take out mucus
protect from the kimus
(acid)

Ileosecal Valve
LARGE INTESTINE
Colon function:

•Reabsorption of
water
•The presence of
intestinal bacteria
inhibits the growth
of pathogens and
forms of vitamin K
•absorption of
vitamins and
minerals
•the process of
defecation
Colon
• Ascending & Tranverse Colon  water, salt &
vitamin absorption
• Descending colon keep the waste that
produced
Rectum & Anal
Storing the feces up to
defecation

Where the waste product

is excreted (Egesti)
 ACCESSORY ORGAN
Hepar
• Absorbs bilirubin
• Detoxification
• Store fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
• Forming vitamin A
• Break down fat
• and others
Gall bladder
• Store and release bile in the small intestine for fat
emulsification

Pancreas
• As endocrine gland  produce insulin hormone,
glukagon, somatostatin
• As exocrine gland  produce gum of pancreas 
three enzymes are produced (amilase, lipase, tripsin)

Peritoneum
• Secretes peritoneal fluid
 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Break down food
Mechanical physically with
chewing and
digestion movement
Types of
With the addition of
Digestion enzymes, acids and
water
Digestion
chemistry Starting at the mouth,
pharynx, stomach and
duodenum
 PROCESS
OF
DIGESTION
Bagaimana Proses Pembentukan
Feses??
Chyme dari Kolon via
Colon
ileum katup ielosekal

Dibantu
periltastik usus Absorpsi air,
Na & Kloride

Sebagian kecil
chyme direabsorpsi

Yang tidak
Feses direabsorpsi =
semisolid
Defekasi
• Pengeluaran feses dari anus & rektum
• Disebut juga bowel movement
• Jumlah & frekuensi bervariasi /orang
Fisiologis Defekasi

Reflek Defekasi
Intrinsik

Fisiologis Reflek defekasi

Defekasi parasimpatis

Upaya
Volunter
Reflek Defekasi Intrinsik Rangsangan
refleks defekasi
Transport feses ke Rektum penuh pada pleksus
dalam rektum (distensi rektum) mesentrikus

Otot usus lain

berkontraksi,
Feses akan terjadi periltastik
terdorong ke anus di kolom
asendens,
sigmoid, dan
rektum

Sfingter internal
melemas, sfingter
eksternal relaksasi
scr volunter
Reflek Defekasi Parasimpatis
Feses masuk ke Terjadi rangsangan
Rangsangan
rektum pada saraf rektum
ditransmisikan di
sepanjang saraf
parasimpatis
Pesan aferen
aferen menuju
ditransmisikan di
pars sakralis
sepanjang saraf
medula spinalis
parasimpatis eferen utk
mencapai kerja otot

Terjadi refleks sfingter anal

Kontrkasi otot kolon
Kontraksi otot perut dan diafragma
Dasar panggul naik
Terjadi defekasi
Sfingter berkontraksi
Feses keluar
Usaha Volunter

Kontraksi otot abdomen & Tekanan intraabdomen

diafragma meningkat

Otot levator anus kontraksi

Dipermudah dengan fleksi
otot femur & posisi saat
defekasi jongkok

Menggerakkan feses melalui

saluran anus

Terjadi defekasi
• Produk defekasi feses
• 75% air & 25 % materi padat
• Warna coklat sterkobilin, urobilin & aktivtas
bakteri
• Bau khas pengaruh mikroorganisme
• Disertai  flatus (7-10 l/24 jam)
• Gas : CO2, metana, H2S, O2 & nitrogen
Karakteristik Feses
 REFERENCE
• Rosdahl CB & Kowalski MT. Buku Ajar
Keperawatan Dasar. Vol 1. Jakarta: EGC
HATUR NUHUN