The crimes in the modern world

represent the latest and the most

dangerous manifestations of the
something – for – nothing –
complex problems of society. This
include organized crimes, white –
collar crimes, conventional
crimes, property crimes, and
public order crimes.
 is a criminal activity by an enduring
structure or organization developed and
devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits
through illegal means.
 It is sometimes referred to as the “mob”,
“mafia”, “syndicate”, or the “cosa
nostra”, which are known as the ”enemy
within”, “the 2nd government”, “the 5th
estate” or the “crime confederation”.
 Cosa Nostra or mafia – is a term used to signify
organized crimes and one of the variable
names for the either mob or syndicate. A strict
code of conduct governs their behavior called
“omerta” – the mafia’s code of secrecy, an
informal, unwritten, code of organized crime,
which demands silence and loyalty, among
other thing, of family members.
 Whatever be the name, the organization is
known to be formal, with division of labor, with
coordination of activities through rules and
codes, and with allocation of task in order to
achieve illegitimate goals. The organization
seeks to profit from crimes and try to prevent
itself from threats, prosecution, and even
punishment from legal authorities.
 The group may be characterized as
persons of decent character, with formal
education, high intelligence and are
constantly efficient.
 The social organization of the criminal is
termed either organized crime or the
underworld, having its own social classes
from gangsterism to racketeering.
1. Enforcer – one who make arrangements for
killings and injuring the members or non –
members.
2. Corrupter – one who bribes, buys, intimidates,
threatens, negotiates, and “sweet talks” into a
relationship with the police. Public officials, or
any else who might help the members in
security and maintain immunity from arrest,
prosecution and punishment.
3. Corruptee – a public official, usually not a
member of the organization family, who can
wield influence on behalf of the organization
interest.
 The organization gains from goods and
services that are of great demand by
the society but are prohibited by law. It
includes but not limited to most victimless
crimes such as illegal drugs, alcohol,
gambling, pornography, and including
bank fraud, extortion or racketeering
and others.
1. It is a conspiracy activity involving
coordination of members.
2. Economic gain is the primary goal.
3. Economic gain is achieved through illegal
means.
4. Employs predatory tactics such as
intimidation, violence and corruption.
5. Effective control over members, associates
and victims.
6. Organized crimes does not include terrorist
dedicated to political changes.
 Political/ Social Organized Crime -
Manned by political criminals – political
graft who uses force and violence as
means to obtain profit or gain, and or
achieving political aims or ambitions.
An example of this is vote buying, and
the employment of private armies to
control a certain political area.
 Mercenary/ Predatory Organized Crime
– crimes committed by groups for direct
personal profit but prey upon unwilling
victims.
 In - group Oriented Organized Crime –
groups manned by semi – organized
individual whose major goals for
psychological gratification such as
adolescent gangs.
 Syndicated Crime –
the organization that participates in illicit
activity in society by the use of force, threat,
or intimidation. The group with a formal
structure – whose purpose is to provide illicit
services, which are in strong public demand
through the use of secrecy on the part of
the associates. There is assurance of
protection necessary for its operations
through political corruption or avoidance of
protection.
 Organized crime needs professional criminals
to successfully operate in the organization.

 PROFESSIONAL CRIME
refers to occupations or their incumbents
which possesses various traits including
useful knowledge that requires lengthy
training, service orientation and code of
ethics that permits occupations to attempt
to obtain autonomy and independence
with high prestige and remuneration.
1. Crime is a sole means of livelihood.
2. Careful planning and reliance upon
technical skills and methods.
3. Offenders are migratory life style.
4. The groups have shared sense of
belongingness, rules, codes of behavior,
and mutual specialized language.
1. Crime is a sole means of livelihood or
economic gain.
2. There is highly developed criminal
career.
3. There is considerable skill involved.
4. Group of professional career offenders.
5. Hard to detect by authorities can be
able to avoid imprisonment.
 Edwin Sutherland defined white –
collar crime as criminal acts committed
by a person of respectability and high
social status in the course of his or her
occupation.
1. Corporate crimes –
the violation of a criminal statute either by
a corporate entity or by its executives,
employees, or agents, acting on behalf of and for
the benefit of the corporation, partnership or
business entity.
2. Environmental Crimes –
violation of criminal which, although typically
committed by business or by business officials, may
also damage some protected or otherwise
significant aspect of the natural environment.
3. Occupational Crimes –
any act punishable by law, which is
committed through opportunity created in the
course of an occupation that is legal.
1. Organizational Occupational Crime – crimes
committed for the benefit of the entire organization. In such
instances only the organization or the employer, not
individual employees.
2. State Authority Occupational Crime – crimes by
officials through the exercise of their state – based authority.
Such crime is occupation specific, and can only be
committed by persons in public office or by those working for
such persons.
3. Professional Occupational Crime – crimes by
professionals in their capacity as professionals. The crimes of
physicians, attorneys, psychologist, and the like are included
here.
4. Individual Occupational Crime – crimes by individuals
which include income tax evasion, theft of goods and
services by employees, the filing of false expense report and
the like.
1. A vocational Crime – committed by one who
does not think of himself as criminal and whose
major source of income in something other
than crime.
2. Corporate Crime – committed by corporate
officials for their corporations and the offences
of the corporations and the offences of the
corporation itself.
3. Economic Crime – illegal activity which
principally involves deceit, misrepresentation,
concealment, manipulation, breach of trust
and illegal circumvention.
1. Organization Crime – illegal actions
taken in accordance with operative
organizational goals that seriously harm
employees or the general public.
2. Upper World Crime – law breaking acts,
committed by those who, due to their
positions in the structure, have obtained
specialized kinds of occupational slots
essential for the commission of these
offences.
 Conventional crimes are groups of crimes
categorized as violent crimes and property
crimes.

 VIOLENT CRIMES – are criminal acts, which

results in the threat of or actual physical harm
by an offender to a victim. It represents not
only index offences that everyone recognizes
as violent or other acts involving force and
intimidation but also “violent crimes” that are
commonly categorized as “social problems”
such as domestic violence, child abuse and
elder abuse.
 Interpersonal violence
a. forcible rape, murder
b. serious assault, family violence, robbery
 Political violence
a. terrorism
 Collective violence
a. riots, mobs, crowds
b. urban violence
 are crimes of economic itself. It includes
those crimes that would most commonly
be categorized as theft in ordinary
language. It also includes but not limited
to offenses such as unlawful entr4y to
commit theft, shoplifting, vandalism, and
arson.
 Occasional Property Crimes
a. shoplifting, vandalism
b. motor cycle theft, check forgery
 Conventional Property Crimes
a. burglary- unlawful entry to commit theft
b. fence
c. larceny/theft
 Destructive Property Crimes
a. Arson
 are group of property crimes committed by
ordinary property criminals with little
progressive knowledge on criminal
techniques. Offenders injure or steal
property on an infrequent basis. They tend
to commit crimes such as:
1. Auto theft or motor vehicle theft
2. Shoplifting or good pilferage
3. Vandalism
4. Check forgeries
1. Joy riding auto theft- borrowing auto
mobiles without returning.
2. Short Term transportation- stolen vehicle as
a temporary means of transportation and
then abandoned.
3. Long Term transportation- stolen vehicle
used as a permanent means of
transportation.
4. Profit Motivated Auto theft-organized auto
theft, which includes vehicle identity
alterations, or the “chop-chops”
1. Wanton Vandalism- destructive acts,
which have no monetary gain or
purpose in mind.
2. Predatory Vandalism- destructive acts
of gain such as destroying machines in
order gain contents.
3. Vindictive Vandalism- acts as
expression of hatred.
 are group of property crimes committed
by professional criminals on a persistent
basis, which constitute form of career
criminality.
1. Burglary (Robbery) – unlawful entry or
forcible entry in order to commit a
felony or theft.
2. Fence – dealers of stolen properties, the
act of “buy and sale of stolen
properties.
3. Larceny – simple taking of properties
with intent to gain and without consent
of the owner.
1. Arson – it is the unlawful burning of
property of another person.
 It is said that arson is:
 “The cheapest crime in the world to
commit, all you need is a box of match”.
 “The easiest to commit, yet the hardest
thing to prove”.
1. Profit Motivated Arson – illustrated by
insurance fraud
2. Revenge Arson – burning of properties due
to hatred or spell of jealousy
3. Vandalism Arson – fire is employed as a
means of expressing vindictive vandalism
toward the property of a group of person or
individual
4. Excitement Arson – those set by
“pyromaniacs”
5. Sabotage Arson – fires during civil
disturbances
A. Murder – it is the unlawful killing of human
being with malice and with “act of
violence”

a. Serial Murder – a n act involving killing of

several victims in three or more separate
incidents over a week, a month or a year.
b. Mass Murder – it is the killing of four or more
victims at one location with one event.
c. Spree Murder – the killing of persons in two
or more locations with almost no time
break within murders.
B.Homicide and Assault
 Homicide is also unlawful killing but without
qualifying circumstances of murder. It is
generally regarded as the most commonly
committed of all the index crimes.
 Assault is also unlawful attack to another
person purposely to harm or inflict physical
injuries. It is a crime that involves offering to
give bodily harm to a person or placing the
person in fear
C.Robbery – it is the taking of property
belonging to another with intent to gain by
means of force upon things. It is defined by
the Interpol as “violent theft”.
a. Robbery of persons – “hold up cases”
b. Robbery in open placing following sudden
attack – “snatching”
c. Robbery in private premises – “forcible
entry”
d. Robbery after preliminary association of
short duration between victim and offender
e. Robbery in cases of previous association
between victim and offender.
1. Professional Robber – one who has long term
commitment to the crime of robbery as a major
source of livelihood.
2. The Opportunist – the commonly known as
“bandits”, one who has little opportunity to or
specialization in robbery and one who is all
purpose property offender.
3. The Addict Robber – one who committed the
crime of robbery to support drug habit.
4. The Muggers – they are the most feared robbers.
They are semi –professional robbers who are
sometimes called “strong armed robbers”. The
street robbers who commit everything from
snatching to the brutalization of the victim.
D. RAPE – commonly defined as “carnal
knowledge of woman against her will”.
a. Real Rape – aggravated rape, involving
violence, weapons and attackers.
b. Simple Rape – anything else not fall as “real
rape” such as; victims viewed as suspicious
particularly if the victim did not physically
resist.
c. Marital Rape – when the husband forces his
wife to have a sexual intercourse.
d. Statutory Rape – committed against minor
e. Incestuous Rape – father against his
daughter
 RAPE TRAUMA SYNDROME– refers to the
adverse psychological impacts on the
rape victims continue to suffer long after
the incident. It includes:
a. sexual anxiety
b. pervasive fear of violence
c. avoidance of relationship to the
opposite sex
d. problems in interpersonal
relationship
e. general problems of anxiety
1. Anger Rape – sexual attack becomes a
means of expressing anger or rage and
involves more physical assault upon the
victim.
2. Power Rape – assailant primarily wishes to
express his domination over the victim.
3. Sadistic Rape – perpetrator combines the
sexuality and aggression aims in psychic
desires to often torture or otherwise abuse
his victim.
 Family violence are violent crimes involving
physical assault by a family member to
another family members such as the
following:
1. Child Abuse – an attack or assault of an
adult against the defenseless or people
who cannot defend themselves, usually by
a parent to a child.
2. Spouse Abuse – the physical,
emotional/psychological, economic and
sexual abuse inflicted by a partner in a
relationship.
1. Culturally Violent Offenders – those who live in
cultures in which violence is an acceptable
problem mechanism.
2. Criminally Violent Offenders – those who
violence as a means to accomplish criminal
acts.
3. Pathological Violent Offenders – those who
commit violent crimes due to mental
disturbances.
4. Situational Violent Offenders – those who
commit acts of violence on rare occupation,
often under provocation. They are the criminals
“by passion”.
 these crimes are also called moral offenses or vice. These
crimes generally refer to Public Order Crime – an offense
that is consensual and lacks a complaining participant. It is
rare in these cases are there victims who seek prosecution.
A. Prostitution – is the practice of having sexual relations with
emotional indifference on a promiscuous and mercenary
basis. Prostitution itself is not a criminal offense. It is the act
of soliciting, selling, or seeking paying customers, which is
prohibited. It is overwhelming a female occupation.
› Is an act of sexual intercourse for hire, an offering or agreeing
to perform an of sexual intercourse or any unlawful sexual act
for hire or “sex for money”.
› Is bartering or sex favor for monetary consideration, either gift
or cash, without emotional attachment between partners. The
practice of offering body for indiscriminate intercourse, usually
in exchange for monetary value. It is synonymous with sexual
intercourse.
B. Pornography – is any material intended primarily to arouse sexual
desires, pertaining to obscene literature and or lascivious materials
in the form of mail or written media, television, telephone and
radio.
› The immoral use of pornography has highlighted the male consumers
of pornographic materials as the victims. They become addicted to
sex because the material depicts sex. On the other hand, women who
participate in the making of pornography are seen as victims of
pornography as well as these women become real – life victims of
men who act out the fantasies inspired by pornographic depictions.
C. Substance Abuse – refers to the use of drugs with frequency that it
causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social
functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the
drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by
using drugs.
D. Alcoholism – may not be a crime but it is largely dependent on the
community standard, whether the community tolerates the sale of
alcohol or whether there are existing regulations on the
production, distribution and sale of alcohol.
› Regardless alcoholism is accepted or not, the fact is, problem drinking
is associated with criminal behavior and crime.
› The term alcoholic and alcoholism are used to refer to a person or the
person’s behavior with life problem related to alcohol drinking.
Sometimes they are called “problem drinking”
 Alcohol – is colorless, tasteless clear liquid,
which gives a burning sensation to the
mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Like many
drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the
human body if taken in large amount or in
combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a
depressant not stimulant.
1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions, takes
only a few drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. It
takes alcohol may be once a week or occasionally
reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to
release inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on
weekends, usually comes from cultural background
where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the
flavor of the food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have a good time,
extensive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker may
not become alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol
assumes primary goal in life, even to the exclusion of
physical health and interests of family and society in
general.
1. Traditional – social and religious functions
2. Status – symbol of success and prestige
3. Dietary – dining incomplete without wine,
integral part of today’s way of “gracious
living”.
4. Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user
can tolerate and enjoy another’s company
5. Shortcut to adulthood – user unsure of maturity,
drinks to prove himself
6. Ritual – fosters group feeling, cocktail parties,
toast made to brides, wishes for good health
7. Path of least resistance – doesn’t want to drink
but doesn’t want to abstain so goes along
with everyone else.
 When a person drinks alcohol, it passes down to the stomach. Here
unlike foods we eat, it does not need to be digested or broken down
by juices in the stomach. It is absorbed easily into the blood stream
and most of it stays in the blood.
While in the blood stream, the alcohol is carried around the body
many times as the heart pumps blood through the vessels. The
alcohol stays in the blood and can only be passed out of the body
when the liver changes it. A healthy liver takes approximately one
hour to change the alcohol in one bottle of beer. While liver is trying
to remove the alcohol, the alcohol is having effects on the body
functions.
The nerves are just like telephone wires coming out of the control
system in the brain and spinal cord. They send and receive messages
from all parts of the body. Alcohol slows down the work of brain cells
and stops proper messages being sent to the rest of the body.
Alcohol stops people behaving correctly to other people. They may
do whatever comes first into their minds. They may say things that do
not make sense or behave rudely to others. They may have feelings of
increased personal or social power. This is because their drinking is
slowed down and not because it has sparked up. They are less able
to cope with situations where drinking is needed.
 As the level of alcohol becomes higher in the
blood, brain and nerve cells die from the
poisonous or toxic effects of the alcohol. Unlike
other body cells, once a brain cell is destroyed it is
never replaced. As more and more of this brain
cells are destroyed from repeated drinking over a
period of years, the person’s drinking becomes
cloudy. His feelings about things also change. He
will get a burning feeling and pain or numbness in
his hands and feet from the death of nerve cells.
After heavy drinking, and when the pain killing
effects of the alcohol are removed, the person
may suffer from hangover. A hangover is the word
used to describe the terrible pain and horrible
effects, which follows a period of heavy drinking.
Alcohol damages the stomach and intestines
and makes them sore. This can cause a burning
sensation, nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there
is bleeding.
a. The first thing the liver does is to turn part of
the alcohol into fat. Some of this goes into
the blood, but a lot builds up in the liver
cells. After drinking six (6) medium sized
glasses of beer every day for a few days, fat
is formed in the liver.
b. To cope with the extra work of getting rid of
the alcohol, the liver becomes larger.
c. As the liver enlarges, the person gets more
used to the effects of alcohol in the body. A
person can drink
 E. Gambling – is usually defined as wagering
on games or events in which chance largely
determines the outcome.
 National campaign against gambling has
never drawn the attention commanded by
alcohol, prostitution and narcotics. Yet,
gambling was intertwined with the supply of
alcohol and drugs. Organized crime groups
even have the biggest connections with
these victimless crimes in most urban areas.