Sharing Traffic 2G-3G

• Load Base Handover 2G-3G

• Cell Reselection
3G-2G
2G-3G
• PUSH AMR

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1 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Load based Handover GSM -> WCDMA

Load of GSM cell

100% Load reason Speech to WCDMA More capacity
Handovers only with high GSM load for speech
for speech
80%

Utran
HoThScTpdc
= 80%

Packet Data to WCDMA Higher bit rates

regardless of GSM load for data users

Packet BCCH parameters can be used

to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA

0%
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2 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Load & Coverage Reason Handover

GSM high Load reason

loaded Handover for speech
and for HSCSD WCDMA can be used
to relieve GSM overload
WCDMA low
loaded GSM can be used to extend
WCDMA coverage area

GSM GSM GSM GSM

WCDMA WCDMA

GSM WCDMA GSM

Load reason Coverage reason

Handover Handover
Mobile moving
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3 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Load based Handover Process: GSM-> WCDMA
Handover Triggering Thresholds set in BSC
Inter-RAT measurements starts in case
The RXLEV of the serving cell is above or
below the given threshold Qsearch_C
Handover Decision is done in case of
Load of the serving cell > Load_Threshold
& CPICH Ec/No> min Ec/No Threshold
MS selects the target UTRAN cell based
on measurement results
Handover command is send to MSC
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4 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Parameters are sent from the BSC to the mobile
in the Measurement Information message
MS is measuring the UTRAN cells continuously
if they are defined as a neighbor ,
The number of GSM neighbor reported could be 3-6
depending on the set value of parameter
FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORT (0,1,2=def,3).
The load is measured in the cell level by comparing
the occupied TCHs to the available TCHs (20 s
interval used)
Load Threshold for Speech Calls or Transparent Data
inter-RAT Handover:
utranHoThScTpdc (Min Traffic Load TDHO),
default = 80%
minEcnoThreshold (Min CPICH EC/NO
Threshold), default –15 dB
ISHO 2G -> 3G Parameters
Parameter Specification name NSN parameter Range Default value

min traffic load for speech call LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR utranHoThScTpdc (LTSC) 0-100% 80%
_SC_IS_HO
minimum CPICH Ec/Io level MIN_ECNO_THRESHOLD minEcnoThreshold -24…0.5 dB -15 dB
Changeable

(MET)
min interval between unsucc ISHO MIN_INTERVAL_BETWEE minIntUnsuccIsHo (UMIU) 0…255 s 3s
attempt N_UNSUCC_ISHO_ATTE
MPT
threshold for multi-RAT MS Qsearch_C qSearchC (QSRC) 0…15 15 (never) 
rec. 7 (always)
Specification name Parameter explanation Value range Note

FDD_REP_QUANT Indicates the reporting quantity for UTRAN 0=RSCP, Not tunable,
FDD cells 1=EC/NO Fixed value 1
3G_SEARCH_PRIO Indicates if 3G cells may be searched when 0 = no, Not tunable,
BSIC decoding is required 1 = yes Fixed value 1
Hidden

FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING The number of cells from the access 0…3 Not tunable,
technology/mode FDD that shall be included Fixed value 2
in the measurement report
Qsearch_C_Initial Indicates the Qsearch value to be used in 0 = use Qsearch_I, Not tunable,
connected mode before Qsearch_C is 1 = ∞ (always) Fixed value 0
received

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5 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Handover Control

• GSM ISHO
• Load Based Handover to WCDMA
• Cell Reselection

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6 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Cell Reselection 3G -> 2G

UE starts GSM measurements if

CPICH EcNo CPICH Ec/No < qQualMin + sSearchRAT

Serving WCDMA cell

SintraSearch First ranking of all the cells based on calculation, with
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM) hysteresis parameter

SinterSearch Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1

Rn= Rxlev(n) - Qoffset1
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM
SsearchRAT
cell calculation with offset
qQualMin parameter

No Yes
Rn (GSM) > Rs (WCDMA)
And
Rxlev (GSM) >QrxlevMin

Second ranking only for WCDMA Cell re-selection

cells based on CPICH Ec/No to GSM
Rs = CPICH Ec/No + Qhyst2
Rn=CPICH_Ec/No(n)-Qoffset2 Cell re-selection to
WCDMA cell of highest
R value
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7 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Cell Reselection 3G -> 2G

UE ranks the serving cell and the measured neighboring cells to find out if
reselection should be made
All the measured suitable cells (S-criteria) are included in the ranking.
Criteria for a suitable cell (S-criteria) is defined as
 WCDMA intra-frequency neighbor cell:
 CPICH Ec/No > AdjsQqualmin and CPICH RSCP > AdjsQrexlevmin
 WCDMA inter-frequency cell:
 CPICH Ec/No > AdjiQqualmin and CPICH RSCP > AdjiQrexlevmin
 GSM cell:
 Rxlev > Qrxlevmin

Ranking is done using Criteria R, and the UE reselects to the cell with highest R-
criteria. R-criteria is defined as:
 For serving cell: Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
 For neighboring cell Rn = Qmeas,n – Qoffsetts,n
 Qmeas is CPICH Ec/No for WCDMA cell and RxLev for GSM cell
 GSM measurements can start when CPICH Ec/Io of serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin
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8 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Cell Reselection 2G -> 3G

GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if :

at least every 5 s
Qsearch_I: RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I) for 0<Qsearch_I<=7
0..15; 1; 7 or
(always) RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I) for 7<Qsearch_I<=15

check Measurement Updates:

• RLC_C value of the serving cell
• + least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells

Fdd_Qoffset:
select always
If, for suitable UMTS cell (value is -infinity)
& for a period of 5 s:
no priorities CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset
between WCDMA cell
WCDMA and reselection
neighbors
CPICH Ec/No  FDD_Qmin FDD_Qmin:
-20... –6; 2; -12 dB
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9 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Cell Re-selection Parameters

• Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P define the threshold for non-GPRS/GPRS (respectively) capable
UEs to measure 3G neighbour cells when a running average of the received downlink
signal level (RLA_C) of the serving cell is below (0-7) or above (8-15) the threshold

Value 0 1 … 6 7 8 9 10 … 14 15

dBm -98 -94 … -74 Alway -78 -74 -70 … -54 Never
s
If RLA_C < -94 UE starts UE always measures 3G If RLA_C > -70 UE starts
3G measurements cells 3G measurements
• FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset the non-GPRS/GPRS (respectively) capable UEs
add this offset to the RLA_C of the GSM cells. After that the UE compares the
measured RSCP values of 3G cells with signal levels of the GSM cells

Value 0 1 2 3 … 8 … 14 15

dBm -always -28 -24 -20 … 0 … 24 28

Always select Reselect in case RSCP >

irrespective of RSCP
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GSM RXLev (RLA_C)
value© NSN Siemens Networks
10 Presentation / Author / Date +28dB
Cell Re-selection Example: weaker WCDMA
Non GPRS case Idle Mode

RSCP/
RLA_C Ec/No

Cell re-selection to WCDMA

Serving GSM Cell RLA_C

Qsearch_I =
-98 dBm
FDD_Qoffset = -8 dB
Measurements starts (serving cell)

RSCP FDD_Qmin=0
Neighbour WCDMA Cell -12 dB

Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
t
5 sec.
CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset
&
CPICH Ec/No  FDD_Qmin
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11 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
GSM -> WCDMA
Cell Re-selection Example: stronger WCDMA
GPRS case
Connected Mode
RSCP/
RLA_C Ec/No
RLA_P
Cell re-selection to WCDMA

FDD_GPRS_Qoffset
Serving GSM Cell (Best) = 8 dB Qsearch_P
= -98 dBm

RSCP
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qmin
= -20 dB

Neighbour WCDMA Cell Ec/N0

Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

t
5 sec.

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12 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
GSM -> WCDMA
How to avoid ping pong ?

• When phone is camped on 3G, GSM measurements can start when CPICH Ec/Io of
serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin.
• When phone is camped on GSM, cell reselection to 3G is possible if CPICH Ec/Io of the
candidate is above FDD_Qmin.
• Therefore, to avoid ping pongs between 3G and GSM the following condition should be
met:
FDD_Qmin >= QqualMin+Ssearch_RAT
CPICH Ec/Io

FDD_Qmin >= -12

dB
QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT

Ssearch_RAT=4 dB

QqualMin=-18 dB
Camping on 3G Camping on GSM Camping on 3G
t
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13 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
PUSH AMR

• Push Voice 3G-2G

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14 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Forced Handover for AMR Voice Call
AMR voice call setup in 3G

• Feature can be used to push

3G AMR calls to 2G WCDMA

• Extreme parameter setting for ISHO

forced handover
trigger cause “UE Tx power” (event 6A)
to GSM
GSMcauseTxPWRUL GSM
FMCG; 0 (no) / 1 (yes)

UE RNC
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL [..] RRC: RadioBearerSetup Remember:
FMCG: GsmUETxPwrThrAMR RRC: RadioBearerSetupComplete 6A:
RRC: MeasurementControl UE Tx power >
absolute threshold
RRC: MeasurementReport (event 6A)

max. allowed UE Tx Power

UE immediately answers (e.g. 21 dBm) +
GsmUETxPwrThrAMR:
with Measurement Report ISHO measurements & HO FMCG; -60..0; 1; -3 dB
to GSM here: - 60 dB !
„push“ means Handover, not Directed-Retry !
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15 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Forced Handover for AMR Voice Call
• FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
• Range and step: 0 (False), 1 (True)
• Indicates whether a handover to GSM caused by high UE TX power level is enabled. The
handover is enabled when the value of the parameter is "Used“
• To enable feature, setting must be 1 (True)
• FMCG: GsmUETxPwrThrAMR
• Range and step: -60..0 dB
• This parameter determines the UE TX power threshold for a CS voice connection. If the
handover to GSM caused by high UE TX power level is enabled, the RNC starts inter-RAT
(GSM) measurements when the UE TX power reaches this threshold. The UE TX power
threshold is relative to the maximum TX power level an UE can use on the DPCH in the cell (or
the maximum RF output power capability of the UE, whichever is lower
• To enable feature, setting must be –60 dB

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 THANKS

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17 © NSN Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date