ARDUINO BASED CNC

ENGRAVER

GROUP –

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CONTENTS
• History of CNC

• Introduction to CNC

• Operations in CNC

• Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC

• Axis selection

• 5 Axis CNC

• Advantages and application of 5 axis

• Types of machine configurations for 5-axis machining

• Specification of a 5 axis CNC machine

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CNC AND ITS TYPES- ARJUN

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HISTORY OF CNC
• Till 1940,Conventional machines are used in practice.
• In the year 1949, John C Parson who was the owner
of a Helicopter Blade Manufacturing Company faced a
problem of making Templates of helicopter of same
dimension for mass production.
• So,Parson invented a punch card for the specially
designed machine to record the program portfolio
template profile for mass production.

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 HISTORY OF CNC
• In the mid of 1950, Parsons' company, "Parsons
Corporation" of Traverse City, Michigan, was awarded a
contract to make the challenging tapered wings for military
aircraft.
• They won the contract because they developed the
computer support to do the difficult three-dimensional
interpolation for the complex shapes, as well as the 800
steps long production cycle for the wing manufacturing.
• IBM was one of the subcontractors, as was MIT, which took
care of the servomechanisms.

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 INTRODUCTION TO CNC
• CNC stands for “Computer Numeric Control” and typically refers to a
machine whose operation is controlled by a computer.
• The most common usage of CNC, and the one relevant to us, is the name
given to devices that, under computer control are able to cut, etch, mill,
engrave, build, turn and otherwise perform manufacturing operations on
various materials.
• Motion is controlled along multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y) and
a tool spindle that moves in the Z (depth).
• The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive stepper motor or servo
motors in order to provide highly accurate movements.
• On commercial metalworking machines, closed loop controls are standard
and required in order to provide the accuracy, speed, and repeatability
demanded.

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• Typically a CNC machine has the ability to move a cutting or 3D
printing head in 2 to 6 axes,.
• By controlling a CNC machine through a PC it is possible for the
user to design a product on-screen, convert it to CNC-readable
code and then send that data to the CNC machine for it to produce
a physical copy of the item designed.
• With the help of CNC technology, machine tools today are not
limited to human capabilities and are able to make ultra-precision
products down to nano scales in a much faster manner.

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 OBJECTIVE S OF CNC
• The idea behind fabrication of low cost CNC router is to fullfill the demand of
CNC routers from small scale to large scale industries with optimized low cost.
• A major new development in computer technology is the availability of low-cost
open source hardware, such as the Arduino microcontroller.
• Moreover, a wide range of low-cost interfaces, sensors, and accessories such as
Arduino shields are also available.
For the Development of a prototype 3-axis CNC Router using Arduino-based
control system is presented with following specifications:
• Low cost
• Easily operable
• Easy interface
• Flexible
• Low power consumption

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OPERATIONS IN CNC

CNC Electric Discharge CNC Milling

Machining

CNC Plasma Cutter

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• CNC Milling:-
 CNC milling, the most common form of computer numerical control (CNC)
machining, performs the functions of both drilling and turning machines.
CNC mills are categorized according to their number of axis and are
traditionally programmed using a set of codes that represent specific
functions.
• CNC Plasma Cutter:-
 Plasma cutting is a process that cuts through electrically
conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma.
 Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, Stainless
steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals
may be cut as well.
 Plasma cutting is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair
and restoration,industrial construction,and salvage and scrapping
operations.

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• CNC Water Jet Cutter:-
 A water jet cutter, also known as a water jet or waterjet, is an industrial
tool capable of cutting a wide variety of materials using a very high-pressure
jet of water, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance.
 The term abrasive jet refers specifically to the use of a mixture of water and
abrasive to cut hard materials such as metal or granite.
 Typical water jet cutting machines have a working envelope as small as a
few square feet, or up to hundreds of square feet. Ultra-high-pressure water
pumps are available from as low as 40,000 psi (280 MPa) up to 100,000 psi
(690 MPa).

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• Glass cutting:-
Glass cutters are manufactured with wheels of varying diameters.One of the
most popular has a diameter of 5.5 mm (​7⁄32 in).
The ratio between the arc of the wheel and the pressure applied with the tool
has an important bearing on the degree of penetration.

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Other CNC Operations are:
 Drilling
 Sheet metal works (Turret punch)
 Wire bending machines
 Surface grinders
 Cylindrical grinders
 Submerged welding.

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ARDUINO- NAVEEN

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ARDUINO
• Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company,
project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and
digital world.
• Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-
yourself (DIY) kits.
• The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O)
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
or breadboards (shields) and other circuits.
• The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal
Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs
from personal computers.

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• The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++.
• In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing language project
• Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit
AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.
• Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator or ceramic resonator.
• Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to
convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL)
level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial
Bus (USB).

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Sketch:-
• A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch.Sketches are
saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino.
Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.
• A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:
 setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or
reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other
libraries needed in the sketch
 loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed
repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off
or is reset.

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Blink example

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Features of the Arduino UNO:-
 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

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Applications
 Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
 Automatic titration system based on Arduino and stepper motor.
 C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of
computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-
STEM) with robotics.
 DC motor control using Arduino and H-Bridge
 Data loggers for scientific research
 Homemade CNC using Arduino and DC motors with closed loop system.
 Low cost data glove for virtual reality applications.
 Water quality testing platform.

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 ADVANTAGES OF CNC
• CNC machines can be used continuously
• Batch production with high accuracy
• Training in the use of CNCs is available through the use of ‘virtual
software’.
• Intricate detail machining no need to make a prototype or a model
• One person can supervise many CNC machines simultaneously.

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DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
• CNC machines are more expensive than manually operated machines,
although costs are slowly coming down.
• The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and skills, enough to
supervise several machines. In years gone by, engineers needed years of
training to operate centre lathes, milling machines and other manually
operated machines. This means many of the old skills are been lost.
• Less workers are required to operate CNC machines compared to
manually operated machines. Investment in CNC machines can lead to
unemployment.
• Many countries no longer teach pupils / students how to use manually
operated lathes / milling machines etc... Pupils / students no longer
develop the detailed skills required by engineers of the past. These include
mathematical and engineering skills.

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF 3 AXIS CNC MACHINE

Technical specifications
 Profile Dimensions: 260x240x220mm (without motor protruding part)

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SPECIFICATION OF A TYPICAL 3 AXIS CNC MACHINE

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SPECIFICATION OF A TYPICAL 3 AXIS CNC MACHINE

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