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SEDIMENTATION
Introduction (1/4)
Hindered settling
Occurred when the particles are crowded so that they
settle at a lower rate.
What is sedimentation?
The separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity
settling into a clear fluid and a slurry of higher solid
content.
THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH
A FLUID
For a rigid particle of mass m moving in a fluid, there are
three forces acting on the body:
(1)Gravity force, Fg, acting downward
Fg mg
(2) Buoyant force, Fb, acting upward
mg
Fb gV s
s
where = density of the fluid
s = density of the solid particle
Vs = volume of the particle
THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID
For a rigid particle of mass m moving in a fluid, there are three forces acting on
the body:
dv mg v 2
m mg CD A 0
dt s 2
2( s )mg
v vg
s C D A
2( s )mg
v vg
s C D A
sd 3 d 2
m and A
6 4
4( s )dg
vg
3C D
THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID
d2
vg ( s )g
18
THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID
d2
Hint: v g 18 ( s ) g
(To be continued)
Example: settling of dextran beads
Data: d = 150 m = 0.015 cm; = 1.1 cP = 0.011 g/cm-s; s = 1.02 g/cm3;
= 1.00 g/cm3; g = 980 cm/s2
(a) Estimate the settling time by assuming that these beads quickly
reach their maximum terminal velocity.
Solution:
d2
vg ( s ) g vg = 0.022 cm/s
18
vd 1 0.022 0.015
Check: N Re 0.03 1
0.011
d t2 h
2
Liquid volume, V
h h 50 L
4 4 1.5
h 52.3 cm
h = 52.3 cm Settling time 2379 s
v g 0.22 cm/s
(To be continued)
Example: settling of dextran beads
(b) Estimate the time to reach the terminal velocity.
Solution (cont’d):
dv mg v 2
Force balance: m mg CD A
dt s 2
d 3 s v 2
24 d 2 v 2
m ; CD A 3dv
6 2 vd 4 2
dv g 18v
g 2
dt s d s
dv 18
2 v 1 g (I.C.: t = 0, v = 0)
dt d s s
d2 18
v ( s ) g 1 exp 2 t
18 d s
(To be continued)
Example: settling of dextran beads
(b) Estimate the time to reach the terminal velocity.
Solution (cont’d):
d2 18
v ( s ) g 1 exp 2 t
18 d s
d2
At steady state (t ), v v g ( s )g
18
18t
When d 2 1 , v vg
s
(To be continued)
18 dx
dt
d 2 g s
18 0.01
3.4
dx
3 10 980 0 1.07 (1.00 0.02 x)
t 4 2
2041 0.002
ln 362,823 s 100.8 h
0.02 0.07
(b) It is not possible to determine the time required for
particles to sediment to exactly their isopycnic level (3.5
cm).
#
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (or CLASSIFICATION)
Separation of solid particles into several size fractions
based upon the settling velocities in a medium.
If the light and heavy materials both have a range of
particle sizes, the smaller, heavy particles settle at the same
terminal velocity as the larger, light particles.
The terminal settling velocities of components A and B are:
4( sA ) gd A 4( sB ) gd B
v gA and v gB
3CDA 3CDB
For particles of equal settling velocities, vgA = vgB.
( sA )d A ( sB )d B d A sB C DA
or
C DA C DB d B sA C DB
d A sB CDA
d B sA CDB
0.5
d A sB
For laminar Stokes’ law settling,
d B sA
(To be continued)
Solution (cont’d):
d2
vg ( s )g
18
For the largest particle and the biggest density,
dA = 2.50 10-5 m and sA = 7.5 g/cm3 = 7500 kg/m3
(2.50 10 5 ) 2 3
vgA 3
( 7500 1000)( 9.8) 2.20 10 m/s
18(1.005 10 )
5.21 10 6 2.65 1
0.5
d B2 7.5 1
dB2 = 1.033 10-5 m