10

DESIGN OF BRIDGES

ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE

GRILLAGE METHODS
 BASIS OF GRILLAGE
 A computer aided method for analysis of bridge decks
 In a grillage analysis, the structure is idealized as a number of longitudinal and
transverse beam elements in a single horizontal plane(2-D grillage), rigidly
interconnected at nodes.
 The deck is idealized as a series of ‘beam’ elements – connected and
restrained at their points.
 Each element is given an equivalent bending & torsional inertia to represent
the portion of the deck which it replaces.
i. Equilibrium of any slab requires that torques are identical in orthogonal
direction
ii. Finer the grillage mesh, the grillage deflects in a smooth surface with twist
in orthogonal directions approximately equal.
iii. Coarser the grillage mesh, the grillage will not deflect in a smooth surface,
twist and torque are not similar in orthogonal direction.
2
iv. Even though it is found that a course mesh is sufficient for design purpose.
 GRILLAGE MESH
 Due to variety of the deck types, support conditions, it is difficult to make general
rules for choose a grillage mesh.

1. Deck pattern and load should keep in mind.

2. Decide the longitudinal behavior of the deck, if longitudinal beams are there, in
grillage all the longi. beams will be represented by a member coinciding them.
3. the spacing of transverse members should be sufficiently small for load distributed
along longitudinal members
4. Spacing less than ¼ to 1/8 effective span.
5. In region of sudden change, such as over internal support, a closer spacing is
necessary.
6. Important to place longitudinal grillage members much further apart than 1/10 of
span otherwise concentration of moment will not be apparent in the grillage
analysis.
7. It is often convenient to place longitudinal members of nominal stiffness along the
3
outer edges of the deck to define the overall width or loading
 PURPOSE OF GRILLAGE

 What we want from the Grillage Analysis

 BM and shear of longitudinal beam
 BM and shear of end diaphragm/pier beam
 Support reactions ( including BM in two directions)

4
 IDEALIZATION OF PHYSICAL DECK INTO EQUIVALENT GRILLAGE

 An odd nos. of Longi. & Trans. grid lines are to be adopted

 Min Longi. Grid Lines : 3 Min Trans. Grid Lines : 5
 Ratio of Trans./ Longi. Grid lines : 1.0 to 2.0
 Ratio should reflect the span-width ratio of the bridge
 For a short span and wide bridge : ratio should be close to 1.0
 For a long span and narrow bridge : ratio should be closer to 2.0

5
 IDEALIZATION OF PHYSICAL DECK INTO EQUIVALENT GRILLAGE

 Spacing of grid lines shall be uniform in each direction.

 Longi. Grid Lines
 Are to be adopted along ‘Lines of Strength’: Longi. Webs Edge Beams

 Parallel to the free edge of the deck

 If bridge supported on discrete Bearings : grid lines are placed along
centre of each bearing. +
 One grid along centre of edge beam, if exists.
 Total Grid lines : 5 to 7 ( 2L without footpath)
 Additional grid lines along c/l of footpath

 Min. distance : 2 to 3 times depth of slab

 Max. distance : ¼ effective Span

6
 IDEALIZATION OF PHYSICAL DECK INTO EQUIVALENT GRILLAGE

 Trans. Grid Lines

 Right angled to Longi. Grid lines
 Skew<=15˚, or trans direction of strength ( r/f or prestressing are skew),
grid shall be parallel to supports.
 End trans. Grid lines : along c/l of bearings each side
(One at each end connecting the bearing lines, one at centre of span are to
be placed initially, other grid lines shall be placed in between.)
 Along the c/l of transverse beams, if any
 Spacing shall be small : span<=10m : 5 to 7 Span>10m : 7 to 11
 In region of sudden change, such as intermediate support, a closer spacing
is necessary.

7
 SKEW BRIDGE

 Typical Characteristics
 Hogging moment and large reaction near the obtuse corner
 Small reaction and possible Uplift at the acute corner
 Considerable Torsion of deck
 SKEW BRIDGE

 Idealization for Skew <15˚

Parallelogram Mesh
For Skew < 15˚

Longi. Grid
Shall be parallel to the skew line
Trans. Grid
Shall be parallel to the support line
9
 SKEW BRIDGE

 Idealization for Skew <15˚

 SKEW BRIDGE
Right Region
 Idealization for Skew >15˚ Skew Region
Case - A
 Longi. Grid
 Should be parallel to the trans. edge of the deck
 Spacing<= spacing of Trans. Grid & <= 3Depth
of Slab l Skew Angle

Small skew Region

 Trans. Grid (L Sin l <= B/2)

 One line each be located at along the line of bearings

B
 Other (internal) grids be Normal to the Supports
E G LONGI. GRID LINES
 In the right region : one Trans. grid each along ED &
GF & one or more between ED and GF TRANS. GRID
LINES
 In the Skew region: Trans. grid lines may originate from
the nodes where the Longi. Grid meets end Trans. grid
 If nos. of Trans. grid lines becomes too many, alternate
or even less nos. may suffice.
 As far as possible, trans. grid should be equidistant in
skew & right region. D F
Mesh Orthogonal to Support
 SKEW BRIDGE
Right Region
 Idealization for Skew >15˚ Skew Region
Case - B
 Longi. Grid
Small right Region
 One grid each along GQ & DR & one at (L Sin l > B/2)
midway between GQ & DR.
 Others may be set in between, if required. l Skew Angle

 In triangular portions AGQ & DCR, gird may be

taken from the end of each trans. grid.
 If Nos. of grid becomes too large, alternate or B
LONGI. GRID LINES
even lesser may suffice. C D

 Grids to be equidistance, as far as possible. TRANS. GRID

LINES

 Trans. Grid
 Grids to be parallel to the centre of bearing/skew. Q
R
 Nos. is to be such that spacing >= 1.5 to 2.0 times
Longi. Grid spacing

G Mesh Orthogonal to Span A

 BASIC STEPS

1. Idealization of the physical deck into equivalent grillage by defining

longitudinal/transverse members and support conditions.
2. Evaluate sectional properties of members
3. Application of various loads
4. Extract of analysis results
5. Interpolation of Results

Bridge Deck Idealized Model (Deflected)

13
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

1 SLAB BRIDGE

14
 GRILLAGE IDEALIZATION
LONGI. GRID LINES

D
TRANS. GRID LINES

Leff/2

2D to 3D ,
<Leff/4
b

b/2

Leff 15
 TYPICAL EXAMPLE : SOLID SLAB BRIDGE
CENTRE OF
300

700
BEARING
600

300 9000 300

7500
600

16
 SELECT LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS
LONGI. GRID LINES
300

700
TRANS. GRID LINES

4500

300
1350
600

300
300

6 @ 1500 = 9000 17
 6 @ 1500 = 9000

M P
E R
M O
B P bd 3
E E I
12
R R
bd 3
T J
I 6
E
S

1350
600

300

700 1000 700

300

700

700
300 750 750 750 750 750
300 750
Outer Trans. Inner Trans. Inner Longi.
Outer Longi.
2 VOIDED SLAB

19
 TYPICAL EXAMPLE : SOLID SLAB BRIDGE
CENTRE OF

1000
BEARING 12000 400
400
90

2000 2000
7500
90

20
 6 @ 2000 = 12000

1500
37 42

48 54 60 78 84
31 36 M P
E R
M O
25 30 B P
E E

5 x 1100 = 5500
R R
19 24 T
I
13 18 E
S

7 12
1100

43 49 55 73 79

1500
1 2 5 6
950

1000

1000

1000
1000
1000

1000
1000
550 950 550 550 550 400 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
950

Outer Longi. Outer Longi. Inner Longi. Support Trans. Interior Trans. Interior Trans.
(1,6,37,42) (2-5, 38-41) (8-11,……, 32-35) (43-48, 79-84) (49-54, 73-78) (55-60,…, 67-72)
MEMBER PROPERTIES

1000
1000

1000
950 550 550 950 550
550
Outer Longi. Inner Longi. Outer Longi.
(1,6,37,42) (8-11,……, 32-35) (2-5, 38-41)

I=(1500x10003/12)=0.1250m4 I = (0.08333 x 0.4 ) +(0.07755 x 1.1) =

= (1100x10003/12) – ( p x
/m width = 0.08333m4 0.1186m4
6004/64) = 0.0853m4
/m width = 0.07755m4

1000
1000

1000
1000 1000

400 1000 Interior Trans.

(43-48, 79-84) 1000 1000
Support Trans.
(43-48, 79-84) Interior Trans.
(49-54, 73-78)
I = 0.07755 x 2.0) = 0.1551m4
I=(1400x10003/12)=0.1167m4 I = (0.08333 x 1.0 ) +(0.07755 x 1.0) =
0.1609m4

bd 3 bd 3
I J
12 6
3 SLAB–ON–GIRDERS BRIDGE

23
LAYOUT OF BRIDGE

PARAPET

FOOTPATH
Ist LANE IInd LANE

KERB
DECK SLAB

LONGI.
GIRDER

C/C BEARING C/C BEARING

SPAN-1 SPAN-2

COLUMN PIER WALL

ABUTMENT
24
SELECT LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS

PRIMARY LONGI.
MEMBERS

ADDITIONAL LONGI.
MEMBERS TO APPLY
LOADINGS

25
 PRIMARY LONGI.
MEMBERS

ADDITIONAL LONGI.
MEMBERS TO APPLY
LOADINGS

X
26

Z
 DEFINE DIAPHRAGM & TRANSVERSE SLAB MEMBERS

END
END
DIAPHRAGM INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM
27
DEFINE TRANSVERSE/SLAB MEMBERS

28
MEMBER PROPERTIES

b1

d1
b2
d2

b1d13 3b23 d 23
J1  J2 
b3
d3 6 
10 b22  d 22 
d 3b33 3b43 d 43
J3  J4 
3 
10 b42  d 42 
b4 d4
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

 General Guidelines for the sectional properties:

o Longitudinal Beam:
– Composite properties of the beam and effective width of the deck
– Properties are @ NA of composite section.
– Edge beam and internal beam may have different properties due to
different width of the deck available.

o Edge Longi. Members:

– If those are just to define the boundary of the grillage, properties
should be bare minimum, negligible stiffness.
– If represents the edge beam or parapet composite with the deck, needs
to give properties of the edge beam/parapet.

o Diaphragm Members
– End & Intermediate diaphragm are generally rectangular members, shall
be define directly in STAAD.

30
SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

o Trans. Slab Members Between I-Girders

– Rectangular members, shall be define directly in STAAD.
– Only deck section

o Additional Longitudinal Members

– Rectangular members, shall be defined directly in STAAD.
– properties should be very small, negligible stiffness.

31
4 BOX - GIRDERS BRIDGE

32
Box Girder Bridge

 General Guidelines for the sectional properties:

o Longitudinal Grid Members :

– Longi. Grid should be directly below the webs of the box, the web
forces can be directly represented by the grillage forces.
– If the deck has sloping webs, grillage simulation is not so precise and
engineering judgment must be used to put the Longi. Grid lines.
– One grid line to each web
– Preferably not to put any nominal member between webs

o Transverse Grid Members:

– End grid line each at diaphragms .
– Equally spaced Trans. Grids between end grid lines, but should be closer
than L/4,
– Trans. Grid members should not be subjected to direct loads.

33
MEMBER PROPERTIES

PRIMARY LONGI.
MEMBERS
DEFINE GRILLAGE MEMBERS
PRIMARY LONGI.
MEMBERS

5
4
3
2
1
MEMBER PROPERTIES
 Longitudinal Members
1
I l  MI of box ; n  no. of segments
n
2h 2 d t d b
Tl 

dt  db 
per unit width

asl  area of web  h . d w

 Transverse Members

h 2dt db 2h 2 d t d b
It  Tt 
d t  d b 
per unit width
dt  db  per unit width


d
3

 d b3  d w3 l E
 
t
ast  3  per unit width
l2  w
d l  d t
3
 d 3
b h G
MEMBER PROPERTIES
MEMBER PROPERTIES (Longitudinal)

Longi. (2) Longi. (4)

Iz= 1.3889 m4 Iz= 1.3889 m4
Ix = [(2x 1.7²x0.3x0.3)/(0.30+0.30)]x3.3/2 Ix = [(2x 1.7²x0.3x0.3)/(0.30+0.30)]x3.3/2
= 1.4306 m4 = 1.4306 m4
Ax = 1.7 x 0.30 = 0.51 m2 Ax = 1.7 x 0.30 = 0.51 m2

Edge memb. (1,5)

Iz= bd3/12 = (2.5/2) x 0.253/12
= 1.6276 x 10-3 m4
Longi. (3)
Ix = bd3/6 0.253/6
= (2.5/2) x Iz= 1.3675 m4
= 3.2552 x 10-3 m4 Ix = [(2x1.7²x0.3x0.3)/(0.30+0.30)]x3.3
Ax = bd = 2.5/2 x 0.25 = 0.3125 m2 = 2.8611 m4
Ax = 1.7 x 0.30 = 0.51 m2
MEMBER PROPERTIES (Transverse)

0.3
3.3

Edge memb. (between 1-2, 4-5) 0.3

Iz= d3/12 = 0.253/12 0.3

= 1.3021 x 10-3 m4/m width
( between 2-3,3-4)
Ix = d3/6 = 0.253/6
= 2.6042 x 10-3 m4/m width Iz= (1.7² x 0.3 x 0.3)/(0.30 + 0.30)
= 0.4335 m4/m width
Ax = d = 0.25 = 0.25 m²/m width
Ix = 2 x 0.4335 = 0.8670 m4/m width

0.30 3

 0.303  0.303 x 3.3 
 21    2.6
E
0.45
Ax =
3.33 
 0.30 3
x 3.3  
0.30 3
 0.30 3
1
.7
 x 2.6
 G
  Poisson' s Ratio  0.3
= 0.0019242 m2/m width
1.7
Diaphragm

Iz= bd3/12 = 0.45 x 1.73/12

= 0.1842 m4

Ix = 3(b3 x d3)/10(b2 + d2)

= 0.04343 m4

Ax = b x d = 0.45 x 1.7
= 0.765m²
References

 Grillage Analogy in Bridge Deck Analysis : C. S. Surana, R. Agrawal

 Bridge Deck Behaviour : E. C. Hambly

40
 Thanks For Attention

41