WATER RESOURCES : PART 3

DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION
REDUCTION OF ORGANISMS IN WATER TO LOW LEVEL CAN BE USE FOR
DOMESTIC CAUSE IT RESULT NO INFECTION OF DISEASE.
STERILLIZATION IS NOT SUITABLE CAUSE IMPLIES THE DESTRUCTION OF
ALL ORGNISM WHICH MAY BE ACHIEVABLE OR NECESSARY.
USEPA SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE:
-99.9% (3.0LOG) REMOVAL
-DISINFECTION OF GIARDIA LAMBIA CYST 99.9% (4.0LOG) REMOVAL
-INACTIVATION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES
GIARDIA LAMBIA CONTAMINATION AFFECTS SURFACE WATER AND
GROUNG WATER BY DIRECT INFLUENCE OF NERABY SURFACE.
GROUNDWATER- IS INFLUENCE BY THE NEARBY SURFACE WATER WHICH
MICROORGANISMS ARE CHANGED DUE TO NEARBY SURFACE WATER
CONDITION SUCH AS TEMPERATURE OR PH.
RULE REGULATION- CHEMICAL COAGULATION AND GRANULAR MEDIA
FILTRATION FOLLOW BY DISINFECTION IN WATER TREATMENT.
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT- COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION,
FILTRATION, CHLORINE DISINFECTION IN STORAGE RESERVOIR
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY MUST FREE CHLORINE OF 2.0MG/L IN WATER
ENTERING DISTRIBUTION PIPE NETWORK.
NATURAL DISINFECTION OF GROUNDWATER THROUGH SURFACE SOILS.
OTHER DISFECTION USED FOR CERTAIN SITUATION
1. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
2. SILVER
3. IODINE
4. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
5. BOILING
ORGANISM IN WATER
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND PROTOZOA FORMS OF ANIMAL LIFE LIKE
WORM AND LARVAE
RESISTANCE OF ORGANISM
 TYPE AND SUBTYPE ORGANISM PRESENT
 TYPE OF DISINFECTION USED AND CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER
 AMOUNT AND TIME FOR THE DISFECTION APPLIED
PLANT SCALE – COMMON USE
DISINFECTANTS

CHLORINE CHLOMMINE

CHLORINE
OZONE
DIOXIDE
CHLORINE

 THE ACT OF CHLORINE TO KILL BACTERIA IS UNKNOWN

 IT FORMS COMPOUND WHEN ADDED TO WATER WITH ENZYMES IN
BACTERIAL CELLS THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR SUVIVAL
 THROUGH THE PROCESS OXIDATION TO KILLS BACTERIA
 IT RESTRAIN ALGA GROWTH USING IT STRONG OXIDATION AGENT
 CONVERT IRON AND MANGANESE IN WATER TO THEIR OXIDIZED
FORM
CHLORINE DIOXIDE

 USED FOR DISINFECTION TASTE AND ODOR PROBLEM ARISE PRESENCE

OF PHENOLS
 OXIDATION OF ORGANICS AND REDUCTION OF IRON
 STABLE MAIN DISTRIBUTION FOR DISINFECTION RESIDUAL
 ADDING CHLORINATE WATER FROM NORMAL CHLORINATOR TO
SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
 CHLORINE ADDED TO COMPLETE REACTION PRODUCT
 CONCENTRATED SOLUTION DIOXIDE WHERE NO EXCESS OF FREE
CHLORINE
 COSTLY THAN SIMPLE CHLORINATION
AMMONIA, CHLORINE PROCESS

 COMBINE CHLORINE OR CHLORAMINES – REACTION OF CHLORINE

WITH AMMONIA IN WATER

 IT HAS HIGHER EFFICIENCY OF FREE CHLORINE AND IT IS NOT

COMMON USE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT

 AMMONIA SOMETIMES ADDED TO PRODUCE CHLORAMINES

RESIDUAL IN FINAL WATER THAT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IS LONGER
LASTING THAN FREE CHLORINE
OZONE
 Ozone has greater disinfection effectiveness against bacteria and
viruses compared to chlorination.
 Ozone is colorless gas that has an odor similar to the smell of the air
after major thunderstorm.
 Ozone removes:
 Iron
 Bacteria / viruses
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Manganese
 Ozone oxides the iron, manganese and sulfur in the water to form
insoluble metal oxides or elemental sulfur.
 These insoluble particles are then removed by post- filtration.
 Organic particle and chemicals will be eliminated through either
coagulation or chemical oxidation.
 The rate of degradation is a function of water chemistry, pH and water
temperature.
OZONE PROCESS
 This process is carried out by an electric discharge field as in the CD-
type ozone generators (corona discharge simulation of the lightning), or
by ultraviolet radiation as in UV-type ozone generators (simulation of the
ultraviolet rays from the sun).
 Ozone may also be made through electrolytic and chemical reactions.
 An ozonation system includes passing dry, clean air through a high
voltage electric discharge.
 In treating small quantities of waste, the UV ozonation is the most
common while large-scale systems use either corona discharge or other
bulk ozone-producing methods.
 The raw water is then passed through a venture throat which creates a
vacuum and pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then
bubbled up through the water being treated.
 Since the ozone will react with metals to create insoluble metal oxides,
post filtration is required.
ADVANTAGES TO OZONE

 Ozone is effect over a wide pH range and rapidly reacts with

bacteria, viruses and protozoans and has stronger germicidal
properties then chlorination. Has a very strong oxidizing power with
a short reaction time.
 The treatment process does not add chemicals to the water.
 Ozone can eliminate a wide variety of inorganic, organic and
microbiological problems and taste and odor problems. The
microbiological agents include bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
(such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium).
DISADVANTAGES TO OZONE

 There are higher equipment and operational costs and it may be more
difficult to find professional proficient in ozone treatment and system
maintenance.
 Ozonation provides no germicidal or disinfection residual to inhibit or
prevent regrowth.
 Ozonation by products are still being evaluated and its possible that
some by products by be carcinogenic. These may include brominated
by products, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. This is one
reason that the post-filtration system may include an activate carbon
filter.
 Ozone is less soluble in water, compared to chlorine , and, therefore,
special mixing techniques are needed.
 Potential fire hazards and toxicity issues associated with ozone
generation.