GROUP 1 :

NOORFADZLINA BINTI HASSAN (TA18003)

ZUL IZWAN BIN RADZAK (TA18017)
GUNALAN A/L SANASIE (TA18011)
Factoring a polynomial means expressing it as a
product of other polynomials.
This process is basically the REVERSE
of the distributive property.

distributive property

( x  2)( x  5)  x  3x  10 2

factoring
Factoring by using different methods :
 Common monomial factor (using Great Common
Factor – GCF and highest degree)
 Grouping
 Perfect square
 Difference of two squares
 Sums & differences of cubes
 Trial and error
• A polynomial function is a function such as a quadratic, a
cubic, a quartic, and so on, involving only non-negative
integer powers of x

• For example, f(x) = 4x ³ − 3x ² + 2 is a polynomial of

degree 3, as 3 is the highest power of x in the formula.
A) CONSTANT POLYNOMIALS
A constant polynomial is the same thing as a constant
function of the form p(x) = c
Example : q(x) = 7.
B) LINEAR POLYNOMIALS
A linear polynomial is any polynomial defined by an
equation of the form p(x) = ax + b
Example, f(x)=3x - 7
C) QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS
A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2. has
the form p(x) = ax² + bx + c

Example : h(x) = 4x² − 2x − 4

D) CUBIC POLYNOMIALS
A cubic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 3 equation
of the form p(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

Example, g(x) = 4x³− 3x² + x + 2

i. The first step in factoring a polynomial is to
find the GCF of all its terms.

ii. Then we write the polynomial as a product by

factoring out the GCF from all the terms.

iii. The remaining factors in each term will form a

polynomial.
Example 1 : Factor 4x2 – 12x + 20
4x2 = 2 · 2 · x · x , 12x = 2 · 2 · 3 · x , 20 = 2 · 2 · 5
Therefore, GCF = 4.
4x2 – 12x + 20 = 4x2 – 4 · 3x + 4 · 5
= 4(x2 – 3x + 5)
Example 2 : Factor 6x3 – 9x2 + 12x
6x3 = 3·x ·2 · x2 , 9x2 = 3 · x · 3 ·x , 12x = 3 · x · 4
Therefore, GCF = 3x.
6x3 – 9x2 + 12x = 3x · 2x2 – 3x · 3x + 3x · 4
= 3x(2x2 – 3x + 4)
8
Example 3 : Factor 14x3y + 7x2y – 7xy
14x3y = 7·x·y·2·x·x , 7x2y = 7·x·y·x , 7xy = 7·x·y
Therefore, GCF = 7xy.
14x3y + 7x2y – 7xy = 7xy · 2x + 7xy · x – 7xy
= 7xy(2x2 + x - 1)

9
• Remember that factoring out the GCF from the terms of
a polynomial should always be the first step in factoring
a polynomial.
• This will usually be followed by additional steps in the
process.

Example 7 : Factor 90 + 15y2 – 18x – 3xy2.

90 + 15y2 – 18x – 3xy2 = 3(30 + 5y2 – 6x – xy2)
= 3(5(6 + y2) – 6x – xy2)
= 3[5(6 + y2) – x(6 + y2)]
= 3(6 + y2)(5 – x)
10
• Some polynomials can be factored by grouping terms to
produce a common binomial factor.
• Used when there are four terms in the polynomial.
• Goal: create two binomials out of the polynomial by using
other factoring methods.
b 3 – 3b2 + 4b – 12
Step 1: Group
(b3 – 3b2) + (4b – 12)
Step 2: Factor out GCF from each group

b2(b – 3) + 4(b – 3)
Step 3: Factor out GCF again.

(b – 3)(b2 + 4)
Example 1: Factor (10x2 + 5x – 2x – 1) using
grouping method.
= (10x2 + 5x) – (2x + 1)
= 5x(2x + 1) – (2x + 1)
= (5x – 1)(2x+1)

Example 2: Factor (mp2 + 7m + 3p +21) using

grouping method.
= (mp2 + 7m)+(3p2 + 21)
= m(p2 + 7)+3(p2 + 7)
= (p2 + 7)(m+3)
Example 3: Factor (2x3 + 16x2 – 8x +64) using
grouping method.
= 2(x3 – 8x2 – 4x + 32)
= 2[(x3 – 8x2) + (-4x + 32)]
= 2[x2(x – 8) – 4(x – 8)]
= 2[(x – 8)(x2 – 4)]
=2[(x – 8)(x2 – 22)]
= 2[(x – 8)(x-2)(x+2)]
(a + b)(a + b) = a2 + ab + ab + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

FORMULA: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a – b)(a – b) = a2 – ab – ab + b2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

FORMULA: (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

 Example 1 :
x2 + 8x + 16

(x)2 (4)2
Must multiply by 2
to get the answer

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2 ∙ x ∙ 4 = 8x

Yes the factors are (a+b)2 :

∴ x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2
 Example 2 :
4x2 – 12x + 9

(2x)2 (3)2
Must multiply by 2
to get the answer

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 2 ∙ 2x ∙ 3 = 12x

Yes the factors are (a – b)2 :

∴ 4x2 – 12x + 9 = (2x – 3)2

(a + b)(a – b) = a2– ab + ab – b2 = a2 – b2

FORMULA : a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
A binomial is the difference of two square if :
i. both terms are squares and ,
ii. the signs of the terms are different.
9x2 – 25y2
FUN FACT : x2 + a2 ≠ (x + a)2
Factor each polynomial.
(a) 4m2 – 9 (b) x2 – 6x + 9 – y4

Solution :
(a) 4m2 – 9 = (2m)2 – 32 = (2m + 3)(2m – 3)

(b) x2 – 6x + 9 – y4 = (x2 – 6x + 9) – y4
= (x2 – 6x + 32) – (y2)2
= (x -3)2 – (y2)2
= [(x – 3) + y2][(x – 3) – y2]
= (x – 3 + y2)(x – 3 – y2)
The sum or difference of two cubes will factor into a
binomial  trinomial.

FORMULA: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)

same sign

Always opposite
Always +

FORMULA: a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)

same sign

Always opposite Always +

 Example 1: 27x3 – 125
= 33(x3) – 53
= (3x)3 – 53
= (3x – 5)((3x)2 + (3x ∙ 5) + (5)2)

= (3x – 5)(9x2 + 15x + 25)

 Example 2: 64x3 + 125y6
= 43(x3) + 53(y2)3
= (4x)3 + (5y2)3
= (4x + 5y2)[(4x)2 – (4x ∙ 5y2) + (5y2)2]

= (4x + 5y2)(16x2 – 20xy2 + 25y4)

 Factoring polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c,
(a ≠ 1) is usually done by trial and error.
Example 1 : Factor 2x2 + 5x + 3
= (2x + a)(x + b) For some a and b.
= 2x2 + (a + 2b)x + ab
Therefore, a + 2b = 5 and ab = 3.
a b a + 2b
1 3 7
-1 -3 -7
3 1 5 2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1)
-3 -1 -5
Check: (2x + 3)(x + 1) = 2x2 + 2x + 3x + 3 = 2x2 + 5x + 3
Example 2: Factor 4x2 – 12x + 5
This polynomial factors as (x + a)(4x + b) or (2x + a)(2x + b).
Since ab = +5, a and b have the same sign.
a = –1, b = – 5 or a = 1 and b = 5.
The middle term –12x equals either (4a + b)x or (2a + 2b)x.
Since a and b cannot both be positive, they must both be
negative.
Trial Factors Middle Term
(x –1)(4x – 5) – 5x – 4x = – 9x
(x –5)(4x – 1) – x – 20x = – 21x
(2x –1)(2x – 5) – 10x – 2x = –12x
Factor completely the following expressions :
a) 36a2 + 108ab + 81b2
b) y2 + 6y + 9
c) 121f2 + 264fg + 144g2
d) 27a3 – 8b3
e) xy + 2x + y + 2
f) 9x4 – 9x
 Rational expression – A fraction whose
numerator and denominator are polynomials.
 Rational expression can be in :
 Simplifying - a rational expression means
writing it in lowest terms or simplest form.
 Rational can be in multiplying and dividing
expression or;
 Adding and subtracting expressions.
Simplifying a rational expression means writing it in
lowest terms or simplest form.

To do this, we need to use the :

Fundamental Principle of Rational Expressions
If P, Q, and R are polynomials, and Q and R are not 0,

PR P

QR Q
Example

Simplify the following expression.

x  3x  4
2
( x  4)( x  1) x 1
 
x  x  20 ( x  5)( x  4) x  5
2
Multiplying rational expressions when
P, Q, R, and S are polynomials with Q  0
and S  0.
P R PR
 
Q S QS
 Example 1
Multiply the following rational expressions.
( m  n)
2
m (m  n)(m  n)  m
 2 
m  n m  mn (m  n)  m(m  n)
mn

mn
Dividing rational expressions when P, Q,
R, and S are polynomials with Q  0, S  0
and R  0.

P R P S PS
   
Q S Q R QR
Example 2
Divide the following rational expression.

( x  3) 5 x  15 ( x  3) 2
2
25
  
5 25 5 5 x  15
( x  3)( x  3)  5  5

5  5( x  3)
 x3
If P, Q and R are polynomials and Q  0,

P Q PQ
 
R R R
P Q P Q
 
R R R
Example 1
Subtract the following rational
expressions.
3y 6 3y  6
 2  2
y  3 y  10 y  3 y  10 y  3 y  10
2

3( y  2)

( y  5)( y  2)
3

y5
Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions with
Unlike Denominators
1) Find the LCD (Lower Common
Denominators) of all the rational
expressions.
2) Rewrite each rational expression as an
equivalent one with the LCD as the
denominator.
3) Add or subtract numerators and write result
over the LCD.
4) Simplify rational expression, if possible.
 Example 2
Subtract the following rational expressions.
5 3 5 3
   
2x  6 6  2x 2x  6 2x  6
8 222 4
 
2 x  6 2( x  3) x  3
Example 3
Subtract the following rational expressions.
7 7 3(2 x  3)
3  
2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
7 6x  9
 
2x  3 2x  3
7  6 x  9 16  6 x
 
2x  3 2x  3
 Example 4
Add the following rational expressions.
4 x
, 2
x  x  6 x  5x  6
2

4 x 4 x
 2  
x  x  6 x  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  2)
2

4( x  3) x( x  3)
 
( x  3)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  3)
4 x  12  x 2  3 x x 2  x  12
 
( x  2)( x  3)( x  3) ( x  2)( x  3)( x  3)
Find the following answer :
x
2
y2 y  2y
2
(a) 2 (b) 2  2
x
2 y  10 y  24 y  2 y  8
2

1 2
(c ) 2 
x  1  x  1 2
a) = 9 (4a2 + 12ab + 9b2) f) = 9x(x3 – 1)
= 9 [(2a)2 + 12ab + (3b)2] = 9x(x3 – 13)
= 9 (2a + 3b)2 = 9x(x – 1)(x2 + x + 1)

b) = y2 + 6y + 32
= (y + 3)2

c) = (11f)2 + 264fg + (12g)2

= (11f + 12g)2

d) = (33)(a3) – (23)(b3)
= (3a)3 – (2b)3
= (3a – 2b)(9a2 + 6ab + 4b2)

e) = xy + y + 2x + 2
= y(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)
= (y + 2)(x + 1)
 x + 2×𝟐
a) = 2x
− 2×𝟐
2
x+4
= x 2− 4
2
x+4
= x −4
y+2 y𝟐 + 2y − 8
b) = y𝟐 + 10y − 24 × y𝟐 + 2y

y+2 y𝟐 + 4y − 2y − 8
= y𝟐 + 12y − 2y − 24 × y (y + 2)
y+2 y y + 4 − 2(y + 4)
= y y + 12 − 2(y + 12) × y(y + 2)
y+2 y − 2 (y + 4)
= y − 2 (y + 12) × y(y + 2)
y+4
= y (y + 12)
 y+4
= y2 + 12y
1 2
c) = x𝟐 − 1𝟐 − (x + 1)𝟐

(x + 1) × 1 2(x − 1)
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(x +1) − (x + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)

(x + 1) 2(x − 1)
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(x +1) − (x + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)

(x + 1) −2(x − 1)
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(x +1)

x + 1 − 2x + 2
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(x +1)

3−x
= (x𝟐 − 1)(x +1)

3−x
= x𝟑 − x𝟐 +x −1
GOOD LUCK