Voltage Stability

เสถียรภาพของแรงดันไฟฟ้ า
( Definition and Concept )

by

Mr.Ong-art sadmai
Mr.Danai Thongthawat
 Introduction to
The power system stability problem

• Basic concept and definitions

– Rotor angle stability
– Voltage stability and Voltage collapse
– Mid-term and Long-term stability
 The following are some examples

• New York power pool disturbances of September 22,1970

• Florida system disturbance of December 28,1982
• French system disturbances of December 19,1978 and January 12,1987
• Etc.
• Reference *
– Prabha kundur ,”Power system Stability and Control”
 Basic concept & Definitions

Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a

power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating
equilibrium under normal operating conditions after being subjected to
a disturbance.
Instability in a power system. This aspect of stability influenced by the
dynamics of generator rotor angles and power angle relationships.
 Voltage stability and voltage collapse

Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain

steady acceptable voltage at all buses in the system under normal
operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance. A
system enters a state of voltage instability when. ….
– Disturbance
– Load demand
– Uncontrollable drop in Voltage
 Voltage stability and voltage collapse

The main factor causing instability is inability of the power system to meet the demand
for Reactive power.
The heart of the problem is usually the voltage drop that occurs when Active power and
Reactive power flow through inductive reactance associated with the transmission
network.
A criterion for voltage stability is that, At a given operating condition for every bus in
the system, The bus voltage magnitude increases as the reactive power injection at the
same bus increaseed.
 Voltage stability and voltage collapse

Conditions for Voltage unstable

– The bus magnitude voltage decrease when reactive power injection
at the same bus increased. In the other words, An V-Q sensitivity is
show indicates is positive voltage stable and difference way.
– Progressive drop in bus voltage can also be associated with Rotor
angles going out of Step.
  Voltage instability may occur in several different ways. In its simple
from it can be illustrated by considering the two terminal network of
figure below.

Constant voltage

Figure 1 A simple radial system for illustration of Voltage stability phenomenon

  The expression for Current I in figure1 is
When I and E are phasors

E
I  …… (1)
Z LD  Z LN
Es
I
( Z LN cos   Z LD cos  )  ( Z LD sin   Z LN sin  )
2 2

…… (2)
Figure 2 Receiving voltage current and power as a function of load demand
For The system in figure1
 From figure2
 Power transmitted is maximum when the voltage drop in the line is
equal in magnitude to Vr, that is when

( Z LN / Z LD )  1
 As ZLD is decreased gradually, I increase and Vr decrease, Initially,
at high value of ZLD the increase in I dominates over the decrease in
Vr and hence Pr increase rapidly with decrease in Z LD
 From the view point of Voltage stability

 The relationship between PR and VR is of interest. This shown in figure3 for the system
under consideration when the load power factor is equal to 0.95 lag

1 Z LD
VR  Z LD I  ES …… (3)
F Z LN
2
Z LD  ES  …… (4)
PR  VR I cos     cos 
F  Z LN 
Figure3 Vr-Pr characteristics of the system of figure1 with difference load-power
factor
For purposes analysis It is useful to classify voltage stability in the following
subclasses

Voltage stability
Large disturbance voltage stability

Small disturbance voltage stability

Large disturbance voltage stability
 Large disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a system’s ability to control
voltages following large disturbances such as a system faults , loss of generation, or
circuit contingencies. This ability is determined by the system load characteristics and the
interaction of both continuous and discrete controls and protections
 Determination of LDVS is requies the examination of non-linear dynamic performance
of the system over a period of time.
 Study period of interest may extend from a few second to tens a minutes and then long-
term dynamic simulations is required.
 Small disturbance voltage stability

 Small disturbance voltage stability is concerned with the system’ ability to control
voltages following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load.
 Characteristic of load
 Continuation controls
 Discrete control at a given constant of time.
 The basic processes contributing to small-disturbance voltage instability are essentially of a
steady state nature. Therefore, Static analysis can be effectively use to determine stability
margins.
 A distinction between angle stability and voltage stability is
important for understanding of underlying causes of the problems
in order to develope appropriate design and operating procedure.
 A more detailed of discussion of voltage stability, including
analytical techniques and method to preventing voltage collapse is
present continuation.
 Voltage stability Analysis
 The analysis of voltage stability for given system state
involves the examination of two aspect
 Proximity to voltage instability
 Mechanism of voltage stability : How and why does instability

occur? What are the voltage weak area? What measures are
most effective in improving voltage stability ?
 (1) Dynamic Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
 The general structure of the system model for voltage stability analysis is similar to
that for transient stability analysis. The overall system equations, Comprising a set of
first order difference equations.

.
x  f ( x, V )
 a Set of algebraic equations
When x is state vector of the system
 

I x,V  YNV
 V is bus voltage , I is current injection vector , YN is network node admittance matrix
 (1) Dynamic Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )

 It can be solved in time domain by using any of the numerical integration methods
such as
 Euler methods
 Modified Euler methods
 Runge-Kutta methods
 Implicit Integration methods [reference Phaba kundu ‘Power system ’]
 Network power flow analysis
 Newton Raphson-methods and Gouss-seidel methods etc.
(1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )

 V-Q sensitivity analysis is linearized form

 P   JP JPV   
    JQ 
JQV  V
 …… (5)
 Q    

Q  J R V …… (6)

1
V  J R Q
…… (7)
 (1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )

 Example 1 for 500kV 322 km. line system consider write the equations of
the power flow from the sending end to the receiving end in the following
form

P  f ( ,V )

Q  g ( ,V )
 (1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )

With a shunt capacitor connected at the receiving end of the line, The self admittance is

Y22=2.142-j(22.897-BC)
(i) With P=5000MW and a 450 MVar shunt Capacitor
V2  0.981   39.10
Since Bc=4.5 pu.
Y22=2.142-j(22.897-BC)=2.142-j18.397
(1) Static Analysis V-Q sensitive analysis ( Voltage stability analysis )

 With this new value of Y22, The reduce Q-V Jacobian matrix ,Calculated by Using
equation is
 JR = 5.348 indicating that is Voltage stable
 (ii) With P= 1900 MW and 900MVAr shunt Capacitor


2  0.995
SinceVBc=9.5 pu.   52.97 0

 JR = -13.683 indicating that is Voltage unstable

The continuation power flow analysis
(Voltage stability analysis)
 The jacobian matrix becomes singular at the voltage stability limit. The
continuation power flow analysis uses and iterative process involving
predictor and corrector steps as predicted in figure below

1. Know initial value solution A, A tangent Predictor is used to

estimate solution B from a Specified pattern of load
increase.

2. The corrector step then determines the exact Solution C

using a conventional power flow analysis With the system
load to be fixed.
The continuation power flow analysis
(Voltage stability analysis)

 Mathematical formulation the basic equations are similar to those of a

standard power flow analysis except that increase in load is added as a
parameter.

Where F ( , V ,  )  0
 Is load parameter  Is the vector of bus voltage angle

V Is the vector of bus K Is the vector representing percent

Voltage magnitude Load change at each bus
The continuation power flow analysis
(Voltage stability analysis)

 Solution step the power flow equation for the system

 Load vector K
 1 
K    
 Iteration 1 (Predictor step) 0 

1
 d   d 0   Jk Jk K 0
 dV    dV     Jk Jk K
  
   0  0
 d    d 0  e ek ek  1 
 k  
The continuation power flow analysis
(Voltage stability analysis)

Predictor value
 d  0 
 dV    0 
   
 d    1

Corrector step
F ( , V ,  )  0

X k  X kpredicted  0

* Computational methods for electric power system

Simulated P-V Curve
Simulated P-V Curve
Simulated P-V Curve
 End
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