NUMERICAL RELAY

GROUP-8
50636- KARTHIK S S
50637- KINTU B KUTTAN
50638- KISHORE
50639- MAMMEN
VARGHESE
50640- MANU UNNIKRISHNAN
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Numerical Relay
 These are devices in which measured electrical quantities are sequentially
sampled and then converted into numerical data which are mathematically or
logically processed to take decision for issuing trip command.
 It consists of one or more digital signal processors, some memory, digital and
analogue input/output (I/O), and a power supply.
 When multiple processors are used, one of them is usually a general
controller of the I/O,i.e,Human Machine Interface (HMI) and any associated
logic,while the others are dedicated to the protection relay algorithms.
 Thus, Numerical Relays are basically Digital Relays for which manufacturers
have developed a specified hardware which can be used in conjunction with
suitable Software to meet different protection needs in case of any
emergency.
 A Digital Relay comprises both Hardware and Software.
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Typical Functions of Numerical Relay

Distance Protection – several schemes Overcurrent Protection (directional/non-
including user definable directional)

Several Setting Groups for protection values Switch-on-to-Fault Protection

Power Swing Blocking Voltage Transformer Supervision

Negative Sequence Current Protection Undervoltage Protection

Overvoltage Protection Circuit Breakers Fail Protection

Fault Location CT/VT Supervision
Autoreclose Check Synchronisation
CB State Monitoring CB Condition Monitoring
Broken Conductor Detection User-Definable Logic
Fault/Event/Disturbance recorder Measurement of Power System Quantities
(Current, Voltage, etc.)
 Advantages of numerical relays over
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static relays

 Internal Fault diagnosis.

 CB monitoring (state, condition).
 Distance to fault locator.
 Power system measurements available.
 Backup protection functions in-built.
 User-definable logic.
 Wider range of parameter adjustment.
 Communications built in (serial, Ethernet, teleprotection, etc.).
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Automated Substation
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Block Diagram
 In a numerical relay,the analog current and vge signals are 7

monitored continously via primary transducers(CTs and

VTs).

 The signal conditioner electrically isolates the relay from the

power system by the auxillary transformer(AT),thus reduces
the level of the input voltages,converts currents to equivalent
voltages and removes high frequency from the signals using
analog filters.
 Anti-alliasing filters(Low pass filters) are used to prevent
aliasing from affecting relaying fns.
 Thus,the o/p of the signal conditioner(analog input
subsystem) are applied to the analog interface which
consists of sample and hold circuit(S/H),analog MUX,ADC.
 These components sample the reduced level signals and
convert their analog levels to equivalent numbers that are
stored in memory.
 The status of the isolators and circuit brakers in the power 8

system is provided to relay through the Digital i/p System

and are directly loaded into the memory of microcontroller.
 After the conversion of A/D converter,analog signals are
represented by discrete values of the samples taken at
specified instants of time.
 The signals of the discrete form is processed by a Relaying
Algorithm using numerical methods.
 The relaying algorithm is generally a part of the software
which uses signal processing technique to estimate the real
and imaginary values of fundamental frequency vge and
current phasors.
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FLOWCHART
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