Electrical Drives and Control - Unit-I (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION
1.Introduction
2.Basic elements of Electrical Drive
3. Types of electric drives
DC drive VS AC drive
4.Factors influencing the choice of electrical drives
5.Selection of power rating for drive motors with
regard to thermal overloading and load variation
factors
6. Loading conditions and classes of duty
7.Selection of power rating for drive motors
8. Heating and cooling curves
PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1.Introduction
• Drive: A combination of prime mover, transmission
equipment and mechanical Working load is called a
drive
• Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an

electromechanical device for converting electrical
energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to
different machines and mechanisms for various kinds
of process control.
(or)
• Drives that employ electric motors as prime movers
are known as Electrical Drives

2.BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVE
• The basic block diagram for electrical drives used for the
motion control is shown in the following figure
SOURCE POWER LOAD

MOTOR
AC(or)DC MODULATOR
SENSING
INPUT CONTROL UNIT UNIT
FIG : BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVES
• Source: Energy requirement for the operation the system

• Power modulator: Modulators (adjust or converter) power flow from
the source to the motion
• Control: Adjust motor and load characteristics for the optimal mode.
• Motor: Actual energy converting machine (electrical to mechanical)
Power modulators:
• Regulate the power flow from source to the motor and
develop the torque speed characteristics required by
the load.
The common function of the power modulator is:
• Control the source and motor currents with in
permissible limits during the transient operations such
as starting, braking, speed reversal etc.
• They converts the input electrical energy into the form
as required by the motors.
• Adjusts the mode of operation of the motor that is
motoring, braking are regenerative.
Power modulators may be classified as :
• Converters , Switching circuits , Variable impedance
i) Converters :
• They provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to
control speed, torque output power of the motor.
The various type of converters are:
• AC to DC -rectifiers
• DC to DC- choppers
• AC to AC- AC voltage controllers (voltage level is controlled)
Cyclo converter (Frequency is controlled)
• DC to AC - Inverters

• AC to DC converter: It is used to convert the AC

supply into DC supply by using rectifiers,
Diodes - Un controlled rectifier and
SCR - Controlled rectifier

BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVE
• DC -DC choppers: It converts the fixed DC voltage in

to variable DC voltage.
• DC to AC Inverter: It converts the fixed DC supply

into variable AC supply.

• AC voltage converter: It is used to convert the fixed

AC voltage into variable AC voltage at same
frequency.
• Cyclo Converter: It converts AC supply at one

frequency to AC with variable frequency.

ii) Switching Circuits :
Switching circuits are needed to achieve any one of
the following.
• Changing motor connection to change its quadrant
of operation.
• Changing motor circuits parameters in discrete
steps for automatic starting and braking control.
• For operating motors and drives according to a
predetermine sequence
• To provide inter locking their by preventing
mal-operation
• Disconnect under up normal condition

ii) Variable Impedance:

• Variable resisters are commonly used for AC and DC
drives and also needed for dynamic braking of drives
• Semiconductors switch in parallel with a fixed
resistance is used where stepless variation is needed.
inductors employed to limit starting current of ac
motors.

Load: Usually the load can be a machinery to do a given task.
Eg. Fan, pump, etc.
Motor: The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The DC motors are commonly used in electric drives.
Induction motor and Synchronous motor are used for constant
speed in drives.
Sensing unit: Sensing unit is placed in between power and
controlling unit. It is used for sensing the driving parameters
like speed, current, voltage etc. Generally, the speed can be
measured by tachometer. Current can be sensed by Hall effect
sensor.
3. TYPES OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
There are three classification namely
• Group drive ,Individual drive, Multi motor drive
i) Group drive
• Where many machines are drived on one shaft and
driven by a single electric motor is called a group
drive or shaft drive.
.

3.TYPES OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
Advantages of Group drive :
• Machines can be located at convenient places.
• Continuity in the production of the processing industry is ensured to a

high level of reliability.
• If there is a fault in one motor, the effect on the production or output of

the industry will not be appreciable.
• Disadvantages of Group drive :
• Due to number of pulleys and belts , power losses are more and the
overall efficiency is low
• If electric motor is subjected to any fault , all the equipments become idle.
• Due to various pulleys and belts, the system is not safe to operate.
• Noise level produced at the workshop is much higher .

3. TYPES OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
ii) Individual drive
• In this drive, there will be a separate driving motor
for each process equipment. One motor is used for
transmitting motion to various parts or mechanisms
belonging . Ex: Lathe

TYPES OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
Advantages of Individual drive :
• Machines can be located at convenient places.
• Continuity in the production of the processing
industry is ensured to a high level of reliability.
• If there is a fault in one motor, the effect on the
production or output of the industry will not be
appreciable.
Disadvantages :
• Initial cost is very high.

iii) Multimotor drive
• In this type of drive, separate motors are provided for
actuating different parts of the driven mechanism.
• Ex: cranes, drives used in paper mills, rolling mills etc

Advantages of Multimotor drive :
1. Each Machine is driven by a separated motor it can be run and

stopped as desired.
2. There is a flexibility in the installation of different machines.
3. In the case of motor fault, only its connected machine will

stop where as others will continue working undisturbed.
4. Absence of belts and line shafts greatly reduces the risk of a

accidents to the operating personnel.
5. Machines not required can be shut down and also replaced

with aPREPARED
minimum of dislocation.
BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
3.DC DRIVE VS AC DRIVE
DC drives AC drives
DC Drives require more AC Drives require less

maintenance. maintenance.
In DC Drives Power circuits and In AC Drives Power circuits and

control circuits are easy or control circuits are difficult and
simple and less expensive. complex.
DC drives are used for DC AC drives are used for AC

motors. motors.
DC drives have chopping circuit AC drives have converter &

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD ,
and only converter. inverter.
ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
3.DC DRIVE VS AC DRIVE
DC drives AC drives
DC drives used in few locations

AC drives used in all locations.
only.
Power and Weight ratio is small. Power and Weight ratio is large.
Breaking and accelerating when

Breaking when applying
changing the frequency of the
resistance at rotor.
supply.
Speed and design rating are Speed and design rating have no
limited due to commutation. upper limits.
4.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
• The selection of electric drive, basically means the selection of drive
motor.
Following are the factors which influence the selection of motor to drive the
load
i) The limits of speed range
ii) The efficiency
iii) The braking
iv) Starting requirements
v) Power factor
vi) Load Factor
vii) Availability of supply
viii) Effects of supply variations
ix) Economical aspects
x) Reliability of operation
xi) Environmental effects

4. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
i) The limits of speed range
• The range of speed control is necessary for the load ,
similarly how hard is it to control the speed and the speed
regulation also affects the choice of the motor
ii)The Efficiency
• The efficiency of motor varies when load varies .So, the
efficiency will get affected during the variable speed
operation.
iii)The braking
• During load condition the braking requirements are also to
be considered .Easy and effective braking are the
requirements of a good drive
iv)Starting requirements
• The starting current drawn by the motor also affects the
selection of the drive

4. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
v)Power Factor
• Running of low power factor motors is not at all economical
.Power factor will vary with the load conditions in some
motors .Hence type of load and running power factor are the
essential consideration while selecting the drive .
vi)Load Factor
• There are variety of types of load conditions are possible like
continuous , intermittent , impact , etc… Such load variation
factor and duty cycle of the motor influences the selection of
drive
vii) Availability of supply
• The motors available are a.c or d.c . But the availability of
supply decides the type of motor to be selected for the
drive

viii) Effects of supply variations

• There is a possibility of frequency supply variations .The
motor selected must be able to withstand such supply
variations
ix) Economical aspects
• The size and rating of motor decides the initial cost while
various losses, temperature rise decides its running cost.
These economical aspects must be consider while selecting
the drive

x) Reliability of operation
• It is important to study the conditions of stable
operation of an electric drive
xi) Environmental effects
• It is possible that the atmosphere where an electric
drive is to be used may contain some chemical gases,
fumes , humidity etc . Such a contaminated atmosphere
or a humid atmosphere also affects the choice of motor
for a drive.

5.SELECTION OF MOTOR BASED ON LOAD VARIATIONS
The load requirements are in either of
• Speed control
• Torque control
• Depending upon the load requirements the motor has to
be chosen.
• For example in traction system the load (traction network)
needs high starting torque
• A series motor provides a high starting torque
• Hence series motor should be chosen for traction system.
• The variation of load torque with time decides the rating of
the motor to be selected .
• The one cycle of variation of load is called a duty cycle .
• The different types of load variations with time and
corresponding examples of load are discussed below

i) Continuous and constant loads :
In this type load occurs for a long time under the same
condition
Eg: Fan type loads , Paper making machines
ii) Continuous Variable loads:
The load is variable over a period of time but occurs
repetitively for a longer
duration. Eg: metal cutting lathes , conveyors
iii) Pulsating loads :
A torque which exhibits a combination of constant load torque
superimposed by pulsations. Eg: Reciprocating pumps ,
Compressors , all loads having crank shafts

iv) Impact loads:
These are peak loads occur at regular intervals of time
Eg: Rolling mills , Presses , Sharing Machines , Forging
hammers
v) Short time intermittent loads:
The load appears periodically identical duty cycles, each
consisting of a period of applications of load and one or
rest. Eg: Cranes , hoists , Elevators
vi) Short time loads :
A constant load appears on the drive and the system rests for
the remaining period of cycle. Eg: Motor-generator sets
for charging batteries , House hold equipments

6.CLASSES OF DUTY
• The rating of motor to be selected from the view point
of temperature rise depends on such classes of duty
• Such classes are represented by load time curves and
temperature time curves.
• The various classes of duty are follows:
i) Continuous duty
ii) Continuous duty , Variable load
iii) Short time duty
iv) Intermittent periodic duty
v) Intermittent periodic duty with starting
vi) Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
vii) Continuous duty with starting and braking
viii) Continuous duty with periodic changes in speed

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
• i) Continuous duty
• Operation at constant load
for long duration of time as
shown in the fig
• N indicates duration of
operation
• Өmax indicates
maximum temperature rise
• Eg: Motors used for
compressors , fans ,
centrifugal pumps

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
ii)Continuous duty , Variable
load
• It denotes a sequence of
identical duty cycles each
consisting of a period of
operation at load and a
period of no load
• The curves are shown in fig
• The period V indicates no
operation on no load
condition. In such a case
motor operates continuously
and is never stopped .

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
iii) Short time duty

• This denotes operation at
constant load during a
given time, then followed
by a rest of sufficient
duration. The curves are
shown in fig .
• The examples are motors
used for domestic
appliances likes mixer
motors used for battery
charging units, for lock
gates , bridges etc

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
iv ) Intermittent periodic
duty
• Sequence of identical duty
cycles each consisting of a
period of operation at a
constant load and then a
period of rest
• The curves are shown in
fig
• The R indicates period of
rest.
used for hoists, lifts,
traction motors, trolley
buses etc.

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
v) Intermittent periodic
duty with starting
• This consists of a load at
start , then constant load
and then a period of rest.
• The operating and rest
periods are short so as to
regain thermal equilibrium
during one duty cycle.
• The S indicates load at
start.
used for machine tools ,
metal cutting lathes etc.

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
vi) Intermittent
periodic duty with
starting and braking
• This indicates a load as
shown along with a
period of braking and
then a rest period. The
cycles are shown in fig
• The B indicates the
period of braking .
• The examples are
subarban electric trains,
Billet mill drive.

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
vii) Continuous duty with
starting and braking
• This load indicates period of
start, period of operation
with constant load and then
period of braking .
• There is no rest period in this
class of duty
• This is shown in fig
• The cyclic duration factor for
this class is 1

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
viii) Continuous duty with periodic
changes in speed
• This load indicates a
sequence of identical duty
cycles each consisting of
operation of constant load
corresponding to a specific
speed of rotation
immediately followed by a
period of operation of
another load corresponding
to a different speed of
rotation.
• The operating periods are so
short to reach thermal
equilibrium hence there is
no rest period.

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
changes in speed
• This load is shown in the fig
,with N1, N2 and N3 indicates
operation at three different of
electric braking while S is the
duration of starting.
• In such a case duty cycle is
defined for each speed and
given by
Duty cycle = S+N1 / X = B1+N2 /X
= B2+N3 / X
• Where
X= S+N1+B1+N2+B2+N3

6. CLASSES OF DUTY
changes in speed
• From such curves the
temperature rise is decided
and the rating of an electric
motor to be selected is
decided.
• The general torque is
developed by the motor should
be expressed as
T=TL+Tmech+Tini

7.SELECTION OF POWER RATING FOR DRIVE MOTORS
• The drive motor rating is sufficient to drive the load without
exceeding the specified temperature .
• The rating of motor selected for such type of duty is called as
continuous or design rating
• The continuous rating specifies the maximum load that the
motor can take over a period of time without exceeding the
temperature rise
• The rating of motor required for linear and rotary motion are
as follows

• The efficiency of motor varies with type of drive , bearings
• Centrifugal pumps , fans, conveyors and compressors are
some types of loads where the continuous duty at constant
load is required
• Based on load characteristics the continuous input required
for mechanical load can be obtained
• The loads where torque and speed are known ,the output
power of load is given by
Pout = (2π / 60) T N W
• If the efficiency of load and transmission is ɳ ,then power
input to the load is given by
P = (2π / 60) . (TN / ɳ ) W

• The rating of motor in case of elevator is given by
P = F * V / (2)(0.102) ɳ
• In case of pump application , the rating of motor is given by,
P=( HQP / 0.102 ɳ ) W
• For fan motor ,the power rating is given by
P= (QH / 0.102 ɳ) W

• The four commonly used methods are:

Methods based on average losses
Equivalent current method
Equivalent torque method
Equivalent power method

Methods of average losses

• The load torque goes on varying as per different intervals of
time
• In the last time period motor is de-energized from supply
which is period of rest

• The average losses are given by
WL1 t1 + WL2 t2 + ……+WLntn / t1+t2+….tn+toff
Where, WL1 + WL2 + …………+ WLn losses occur in the motor during the
interval t1 ,t2,t3,……tn
• Consider a equivalent constant current Ieq which causes same
average losses over the time period considered
• Average losses = Wcore + I2eq R
• Wcore  core losses , R Iron losses
• Let I1 be the current in time interval t1
• Let I2 be the current in time interval t2 and so on
Wcore + I2eq R = (Wcore + I21 R)t1 + (Wcore + I22 R)t2 + ……+ (Wcore + I2n R)tn
t1 + t2 +t3 +……..+tn +toff
………………(1)

• Let, t1 +t2 +……..+tn
t1 + t2 + …….+tn+toff = ᶓ By bringing LHS to RHS of
W core
………………(2)
• Let us consider W core = α Wcu

• Wcu  copper losses given by I2 R
• Wcore = α Wcu ≈ α I2eq R

• Wcore = α Wcu ≈ α I2eq R

• BY taking α I2eq R outside from the above equation
• If no load ᶓ = 1 substitue in the above equation

Equivalent Current Method

• Once the rated current of the motor is selected then corresponding to
that current , the power rating of the motor is determined from
manufactures data sheet with constant speed at which load acts
• This method of obtaining the power rating of the drive is called method
of equivalent circuit
• The torque rating is obtained from this method
• For induction motor this method is applicable
And for series motor this equivalent current method is not applicable

Equivalent Current Method - cont….
• For nearly constant speed machine , the equivalent power
rating is given by
• Equivalent Torque Method

• The method is which rating of the motor is decided from
load torque is called method of equivalent torque
• If the torque is expressed in Kg-m then rating in KW is given
by
•
Equivalent power method
• We can substitute P for T in the Peq and assumed speed is
fairly constant and power is directly proportional to torque
• The rating of the motor is selected by using above equation

and the method is called as Method of equivalent power

8.HEATING OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
• An electric motor has various losses, mainly copper loss in the winding
and core losses due to the hysteresis losses and eddy current losses in
the core.
• These losses appear in the form of heat
• The mechanical losses due to friction and windage also contribute to
such heat development
• There are some cooling methods provided in an electric motors .
• The ventilation causes heat to dissipate to the outside media such as air,
oil or cooling medium
• However some heat gets stored in the material, causing the temperature
rise of an electric motor.
• If the temperature rises beyond the specified limit, motor likely to be
damaged .
• The insulating material may get damaged , which may cause a short
circuit .Such a circuit may led to fire .
• While selecting the motor the thermal restriction must be consider
• The insulating material used to protect the conductors decide the
permissible temperature rise of an electric motor.

8.HEATING AND COOLING CURVES
• In many of the industrial applications electric motors are widely
used.
• During the operation of motor, various losses such as copper loss,
iron loss and windage loss etc..
• Due to these losses, heat is produced inside the machine . This
increase the temperature of the motor
• The temperature when reaches beyond the ambient value, a part
of heat produced starts flowing to the surrounding medium.
• This out flow of heat is function of temperature rise of the motor
above the ambient value.
• As the temperature rise and power output are directly related ,it
is called thermal loading on the machine
• The heat flow and temperature distribution within a motor is very
difficult to predict because of complexity in the motor geometry
• The heat flow direction does not remain same at all loading
conditions.

8.HEATING CURVE
• A machine can be considered as a homogeneous body
developing heat internally at uniform rate and dissipating
heat proportionately to its temperature rise,
• Assuming the heat developed is proportional to the losses,
we have the standard balance equation
Total heat Heat Heat stored in

generated = dissipated to body / Heat
+
surrounding absorbed
in the body medium
• Wdt = AλӨ dt + GS dӨ………..(1)

• Where,
W = Power loss in the motor due to heat in watts
A = Area of Cooling surface in m2
λ =Emissivity or rate of heat dissipation in W/m2 / ◦C
8.HEATING CURVE
• Where,
G = Weight of active parts of the motor in Kg
S = Specific heat of the material of the body in J/Kg/ ◦C
Ө = Temperature rise of the body
dӨ = Temperature rise in a small interval dt
By rearranging equation (1) ie: AλӨ dt to left side , we get
Wdt – AλӨ dt = GS dӨ
(W – AλӨ) dt = GS dӨ
Taking Aλ outside from the above equ
Aλ ( W /Aλ - Ө) dt = GS dӨ
( W /Aλ - Ө) dt = GS / Aλ . dӨ

8.HEATING CURVE
dt / (GS / Aλ ) = dӨ / ( W /Aλ - Ө) ………………………(2)
If temperature rise is maximum value, then the body is said to have
reached the maximum temperature rise Өm . Therefore equ (1)
becomes Generated heat = Heat dissipated
W dt = AλӨm dt
W = AλӨm
Therefore Өm = W / Aλ ………….(3)
Substitute (3) in (2) we get
dt / (GS / Aλ ) = dӨ / (Өm - Ө)………. (4)
Integrating both sides of above equation we get
(Aλ / GS)t = - ln(Өm – Ө) + K …….(5)
K is a constant of integration , to find K value consider initial
condition At t= 0 , Ө = Ө0
0 = - ln (Өm – Ө 0) + K
K = ln (Өm – Ө 0) …………..(6)
8.HEATING CURVE
Substitute equation (6) in equation (5)
(Aλ / GS)t = - ln (Өm – Ө) + ln (Өm – Ө 0)
(Aλ / GS)t = ln( (Өm – Өo ) / (Өm – Ө) )
By taking Natural logirithm it will become ex
e (Aλ / GS)t = (Өm – Өo ) / (Өm – Ө)
(Өm – Ө) e (Aλ / GS)t = (Өm – Өo )

(Өm – Ө) = (Өm – Өo ) e - (Aλ / GS)t
Ө = Өm - (Өm – Өo ) e - (Aλ / GS)t ……………………(7)
Where GS / Aλ = τ = Thermal heating time constant

8.HEATING CURVE
Where GS / Aλ = τ = Thermal heating time constant
It is defined as time taken to reach 63.2% steady state
temperature Өm
Now the equation (7) becomes
Ө = Өm - (Өm – Өo ) e – t/τ

8.COOLING CURVE
• If the machine is switched off from main supply or when
load on machine is reduced , the machine cools
• When the machine is switched off, there is no heat
generation and all heat stored in the machine is dissipated
to surroundings
Total heat Heat Heat dissipated

generated + Stored in = to surrounding
in the body body medium
• Wdt + GS dӨ = A λ΄ Ө dt………..(1)
• Bringing Wdt to right side
• A λ΄ Ө dt - W dt = GS dӨ
(A λ΄ Ө - W ) dt = GS dӨ
Taking A λ΄ outside , A λ΄(Ө - W / A λ΄) dt = GS dӨ
8.COOLING CURVE
• A λ΄(Ө - W / A λ΄) dt = GS dӨ
• (GS / A λ΄) dӨ = (Ө - W / A λ΄) dt …………..(2)

• dӨDecrease in temperature(Include negative sign in left side )
• - (GS / A λ΄) dӨ = (Ө - W / A λ΄) dt
• -dӨ / (Ө - W / A λ΄) = dt / (GS / A λ΄) ……………(3)

• When final temperature drop Өf is reached, then the heat
generated is equal to heat dissipated
• Therefore Wdt = A λ΄ Өf dt
8.COOLING CURVE
• Therefore W dt = A λ΄ Өf dt
W = A λ΄ Ө f
Өf = w / A λ΄ ………………(4)
Substitute equ (4) in equ (3) we get
-dӨ / (Ө - Ө f) = dt / (GS / A λ΄)
Integrating the above equation we get,
-ln (Ө - Ө f) = (A λ΄ / GS)t + K ………………(5)
(A λ΄ / GS)Decrease in temperature(Include negative sign in both side )
ln (Ө - Ө f) = (- A λ΄ / GS)t + K………………(6)
At t = 0 , Ө = Ө m
The equ (6) becomes
ln (Өm - Ө f) = K……………………….(7)
8.COOLING CURVE
ln (Өm - Ө f) = K……………………….(7)
Substitute equ (7) in equ (6)
ln (Ө - Ө f) = (- A λ΄ / GS)t + ln (Өm - Ө f)
ln (Ө - Ө f) - ln (Өm - Ө f) = (- A λ΄ / GS)t
ln((Ө - Ө f) / (Өm - Ө f)) = (- A λ΄ / GS)t
By taking Natural logirithm it will become ex
((Ө - Ө f) / (Өm - Ө f) ) = e - (Aλ’ / GS)t
(Ө - Ө f) = (Өm - Ө f) e - (Aλ’ / GS)t
Ө = Ө f + (Өm - Ө f) e - (Aλ’ / GS)t
Where GS / Aλ’ = τ’ = Cooling time constant

8.COOLING CURVE
Where GS
/ Aλ’ = τ’ = Cooling time constant
Cooling time constant is defined as time required to cool the
machine to 36.7% of initial temperature rise above ambient
temperature.
Ө = Ө f + (Өm - Ө f) e – t/τ’

Two Marks:
1. Define Drive and Electric Drive?
Drive: A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and

mechanical Working load is called a drive
Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical

device for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy to impart
motion to different machines and mechanisms for various kinds of
process control.
2. List out some examples of prime movers?
• Hydraulic Engine, Steam engine, Turbine or electric motors.
MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1 62

1.8 Two Marks:
3. List out some advantages of electric drives?
i. Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts

to mega watts.
ii. Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds.
iii. Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make

them compatible to any type of load.
4. What are the types of electric drives?
• Group electric drives (Shaft drive),
• Individual Drives,
• Multi motor electric drives. MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1

63
Two Marks:
5. Give some examples of Electric Drives?
i. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps.
ii. Lifting goods by hoists and cranes.
iii. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses.
iv. Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives trains, cars

trolley buses, lifts & drum winders etc.
6. Classify electric drives based on the means of control?
• Manual,
• Semiautomatic,
• Automatic MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1

64
Two Marks:
7. What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)?
• This drive consists of single motor, which drives one or more line
shafts supported on bearings.
• The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & belts or gears, by
means of which a group of machines or mechanisms may be
operated.
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft

drive)?
Advantages: A single large motor can be used instead of a number of

small motors.
65
MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1
1.8 Two Marks:
Advantages:
• The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking

into account the diversity factor of loads.
Disadvantages:
• There is no flexibility; Addition of an extra machine to the main

Shaft is difficult.
• The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in

several transmitting mechanisms.
• The complete drive system requires shutdown if the motor, requires

Servicing or repair. 66
1.8 Two Marks:
Disadvantages:
• The system is not very safe to operate.
• The noise level at the work spot is very high.
9. What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples.
• In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor.
• This motor also imparts motion to various other parts of the

machine.
• Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe machines etc.
67
1.8 Two Marks:
10. What is a multi motor electric drive? Give some examples.
• In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to

activate on of the working parts of the driven mechanisms.
• Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines, rolling mills,

traction drive, Traveling cranes etc.,
11. Write about manual control, semiautomatic control & Automatic

control?
Manual control: The electric drives with manual control can be as

simple as a room fan, incorporating on switch and a resistance for
setting the required speed.
68
Two Marks:
Semiautomatic control: This control consists of a manual device for

giving a certain command (Starting, braking, reversing, change of
speed etc.,) and an automatic device that in response to command
operates the drive in accordance with a preset sequence or order.
Automatic control: The electric drives with automatic control have a

control gear, without manual devices.
12. What are the typical elements of an Electric Drive?
69
Two Marks:
13. What is a load diagram? What are its types? What are required to
draw a load diagram?
• A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the variation

of torque acting on the electric drive. The motor of the electric drive
has to overcome the load torque expressed as a function of time.
Types: One for the static or steady state process,
Other for the dynamic process, when the dynamic components

of torque are induced by the inertia of the motor & load.
• (Instantaneous speed, acceleration, Torque & power) as a function

of time are required to draw.....
70
Two Marks:
14. What are the types drive systems?
• Electric Drives, Mechanical Drives, Electromechanical Drives,

Hydraulic drives.
15. Give an expression for the losses occurring in a machine?
• The losses occurring in a machine is given by,
Where,
Wc = Constant losses
Wv = Variable losses at full load
X = load on the motor
expressed as a function of rated load MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1 71

Two Marks:
16. What are the assumptions made while performing heating &
cooling calculation of an electric motor?
i. The machine is considered to be a homogeneous body having a

uniform temperature gradient. All the points at which heat generated
have the same temperature. All the points at which heat is dissipated
are also at same temperature.
ii. Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference of

temperature of the body and surrounding medium. No heat is
radiated.
iii. The rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures.

MZCET /MECH/I/ A & B/ EE6351/EDC/1 72
Two Marks:
17. What are the factors that influence the choice of Electrical drives?
18. Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric

drives.
Power rating: Correct selection of power rating of electric motor is of
economic interest as it is associated with capital cost and running cost
of drives. 73
Two Marks:
Heating: For proper selection of power rating the most important

considerations the heating effect of load. In this connection various
forms of loading or duty cycles have to be considered.
19. How heating occurs in motor drives?
• The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while
converting the electrical power into mechanical power and these
losses occur in steel core, motor winding & bearing friction.
20. List out some applications for which continuous duty is required.
• Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors
74
Two Marks:
21. What are the classes of duties?
• 1.Continuous duty
• 2.Short time duty operation of motor Main classes of duties
• 3.Intermittent periodic duty
• 4.Intermittent periodic duty with starting
• 5.Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
• 6.Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
• 7.Continuous duty with starting & braking
• 8.Continuous duty with periodic load changes

75
Two Marks:
22. How will you classify electric drives based on the method of
speed control?
1. Reversible &non reversible in controlled constant speed
2. Reversible and non reversible step speed control
3. Reversible and non reversible smooth speed control
4. Constant predetermined position control
5. Variable position control
6. Composite control
76
Two Marks:
23. Why the losses at starting are not a factor of consideration in a

continuous duty motor?
• While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to

give importance to the heating caused by losses at starting even
though they are more than the losses at rated load.
• This is because the motor does not require frequent start, it is

started only once in its duty cycle and the losses during starting do
not have much influence on heating.
77
Two Marks:
24. What is meant by “short time rating of motor”?
• Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous
operation can be loaded for a short time duty (Psh) that is much
higher than P, if the temperature rise is the consideration.
25. What is meant by “load equalization”?
• In the method of “load Equalization” intentionally the motor inertia

is increased By adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is
not to be reversed. For Effectiveness of the flywheel, the motor
should have a prominent drooping characteristic so that on load
there is a considerable speed drop.
78
Two Marks:
26. How a motor rating is determined in a continuous duty and

Variable load?
• Method of Average losses, equivalent power, equivalent Torque
27. Define heating time constant & cooling time constant?
• Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine

to attain 0.623 of its final steady temperature rise.
• Cooling time constant is, therefore, defined as the time required

cooling the machine down to 0.368 times the initial temperature
rise above ambient temperature.
79
Two Marks:
28. What are the various function performed by an electric drive?
1. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors & pumps etc.,
2. Lifting goods by hoists & cranes
3. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines & warehouses and
4. Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives, trains, cars,

Trolley buses and lifts etc.
29. Write down the heat balance equation?
• Heat balance equation is given by
Ghd0 + S0 .dt = p.dt

80
Two Marks:
30. What is ingress protection code?
• The protection code deals with the methods employed for

safeguarding the motor against the entry of external agents like
dust, water etc.
• For example IP 21 deals with safeguarding motor against foreign

bodies like water. IP stands for ingress protection code.
31. What are the mechanical considerations to be considered in

Selection of motor?
1. Types of enclosures 2. Types of bearings 3. Noise emitted
4. Types of mounting 5. Types of drive 81

Two Marks:
32. Mention four types of mechanical load?
• Load torque remaining constant irrespective of the speed
• Load torque increasing with the square of the speed
• Load torque increasing with speed, Load torque decreasing
33. Define continuous duty of a motor?
This type drive is operated continuously for a duration which is
long enough to reach its steady state value of temperature. This duty is
characterized by constant motor torque and constant motor loss
operation. This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/
three phase induction motors and DC shunt motors.
• Examples: Paper mill drives, Compressors, Conveyors, Centrifugal
pumps and Fans
82
1.8 Two Marks:
34. Draw the block diagram of electric drive?
35. Draw the heating and cooling curve?
83

Electrical Drives and Control - Unit-I (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

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Electrical Drives and Control - Unit-I (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

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UNIT – I INTRODUCTION

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

• Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SOURCE POWER LOAD

FIG : BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• Source: Energy requirement for the operation the system

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

• AC to DC converter: It is used to convert the AC

Diodes - Un controlled rectifier and

SCR - Controlled rectifier

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

• DC -DC choppers: It converts the fixed DC voltage in

• DC to AC Inverter: It converts the fixed DC supply

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

• AC voltage converter: It is used to convert the fixed

• Cyclo Converter: It converts AC supply at one

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ii) Variable Impedance:

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

• Machines can be located at convenient places.

• Continuity in the production of the processing industry is ensured to a

• If there is a fault in one motor, the effect on the production or output of

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Each Machine is driven by a separated motor it can be run and

2. There is a flexibility in the installation of different machines.

3. In the case of motor fault, only its connected machine will

4. Absence of belts and line shafts greatly reduces the risk of a

5. Machines not required can be shut down and also replaced

DC Drives require more AC Drives require less

In DC Drives Power circuits and In AC Drives Power circuits and

DC drives are used for DC AC drives are used for AC

DC drives have chopping circuit AC drives have converter &

DC drives used in few locations

Breaking and accelerating when

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

viii) Effects of supply variations

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD ,

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

iii) Short time duty

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD ,

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD ,

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY D.THIVYA PRASAD , ASST.PROF , MOUNTZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY