21 Lecture Outline

Chapter 21
Electric Charge and

Electric Field
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson; modified Scott Hildreth 2016

Introduction
• Water makes life possible
as a solvent for biological
molecules. What electrical
properties allow it to do
this?
• We now begin our study
of electromagnetism, one
of the four fundamental
forces in Nature.
• We start with electric
charge and electric fields.
Goals for Chapter 21
• Study electric charge & charge conservation
• Learn how objects become charged
• Calculate electric force between objects using

Coulomb’s law
F = k|q1q2|/r2 = (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• Learn distinction between electric force and

electric field
• Calculate the electric

field due to many
charges
• Visualize and interpret

electric fields
• Calculate the
properties of electric
dipoles
• Be able to solve this kind of problem: (page 715)
y Charge Q is distributed
uniformly around a semicircle
of radius a.
Charge Q
What is the magnitude and
a
direction of the resulting E field
x
at point P, at the center of
P curvature of the semicircle?
Physics from 4A you will need to know!
• Forces as vectors
• Establish coordinate frame
• Break into components Fx, Fy, Fz
• Add like components!
• Resolve net vector
• Answers must have three things!
1. Magnitude
2. Direction
3. UNITS
Physics from 4A you will need to know!
• Chapter 4: Forces
• “Links in a Chain” Bridging problem (122)
• Chapter 5: Applications
• “In a Rotating Cone” (162)
• Chapter 6: Energy
• “A Spring That Disobeys Hooke’s Law (193)
Math from 4A you will need to know!
• Integration of continuous variables

Math from 4A you will need to know!
• Integration of continuous variables

Electric charge
• Two positive or two

negative charges repel
each other.
A positive charge and a

negative charge attract
each other.
• Check out:
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=45AAIl9_lsc
Electric charge

each other.
A positive charge and a

negative charge attract
each other.
Electric charge

each other.
A positive charge and

a negative charge
attract each other.
• Check out Balloons in
PhET simulations
Electric charge and the structure of matter
• The particles of the

atom are the negative
electron, the positive
proton, and the
uncharged neutron.
You should know this already: Atoms and ions
• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.

• A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.
A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.
You should know this already: Atoms and ions
Conservation of charge
• Proton & electron have same

magnitude charge.

magnitude charge.
• All observable charge is

quantized in this unit.
“½ e”

magnitude charge.
• Universal principle of charge

conservation states algebraic
sum of all electric charges in
any closed system is constant.
+3e – 5e +12e – 43e = -33 e

Conductors and insulators
• A conductor permits the
easy movement of charge
through it. An insulator
does not.
• Most metals are good

conductors, while most
nonmetals are insulators.
• A conductor permits the easy movement of charge

through it.
• An insulator does not.

• Semiconductors are
intermediate in their
properties between good
conductors and good
insulators.
Charging by induction
• Start with UNCHARGED conducting ball…

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.


• The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.
Electric forces on uncharged objects
• The charge within an insulator can shift slightly. As a result, an
electric force *can* be exerted upon a neutral object.

• Now connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)
• What happens?
• Now connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)
• Conductor allows electrons to flow from ball to ground…
• Connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)
Electrostatic painting
• Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the
negatively charged paint droplets. Check out
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=zTwkJBtCcBA&NR=1
Q21.1
When you rub a plastic rod with fur, the plastic rod becomes
negatively charged and the fur becomes positively charged.
As a consequence of rubbing the rod with the fur,
A. the rod and fur both gain mass.
B. the rod and fur both lose mass.
C. the rod gains mass and the fur loses mass.
D. the rod loses mass and the fur gains mass.
E. none of the above
A21.1
When you rub a plastic rod with fur, the plastic rod becomes
negatively charged and the fur becomes positively charged.
As a consequence of rubbing the rod with the fur,
A. the rod and fur both gain mass.
B. the rod and fur both lose mass.
C. the rod gains mass and the fur loses mass.
D. the rod loses mass and the fur gains mass.
Q21.2
A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

on an electrically neutral piece of paper. This is because
A. electrons are less massive than atomic nuclei.

B. the electric force between charged particles
decreases with increasing distance.
C. an atomic nucleus occupies only a small part of
the volume of an atom.
D. a typical atom has many electrons but only one
nucleus.
A21.2
A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

on an electrically neutral piece of paper. This is because
A. electrons are less massive than atomic

nuclei.
B. the electric force between charged particles
decreases with increasing distance.
C. an atomic nucleus occupies only a small part
of the volume of an atom.
D. a typical atom has many electrons but only
one nucleus.
Coulomb’s law – Electric FORCE
• The magnitude of electric

force between two point
charges is directly
proportional to the
product of their charges
and
inversely proportional
to the square of the
distance between them.
Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• A VECTOR
• Magnitude
• Direction
• Units
Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
|F| = k|q1q2|/r2
• “k” = 9 x 109 Newton

meter2/Coulomb2
• “k” = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2

Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
|F| = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• 0 = 8.85 x 10 – 12 C2/Nm2
0 = “Electric Permittivity of Free Space”

Measuring the electric force between point charges
Example 21.1 compares the

electric and gravitational
forces.
An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

between two alpha particles and their
gravitational attraction
DRAW the VECTORS!!
An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

between two alpha particles and their
gravitational attraction
An alpha particle has mass

m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg and
charge q = +2e =
3.2 x 10-19 C.
Fe/Fg = ?
Note: Force of Gravity = Gm1m2/r2
where
G= 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

An alpha particle has mass m

= 6.64 x 10-27 kg and charge
q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Fe/Fg = 3.1 x 1035!!!!

Force between charges along a line
• Example 21.2 for two charges:
Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

separated by r = 3.0 cm.
What is the Force of q1 on q2?


Step 1: Force is a vector – create a coordinate

system FIRST!
x

separated by r = 3.0 cm. What is the Force of q1 on
q2? What is the force of q2 on q1?

separated by r = 3.0 cm. What is the Force of q1 on
q2? What is the force of q2 on q1?

F of q1 on q2 = F12 = 0.019N <-x>
F12
x
Force between charges along a line (Example 21.3)
• Two point charges
– q1 = +1.0nC at x = +2.0 cm, &
q2 = -3.0 nC at x = +4.0 cm.
What is the Force of q1 & q2 on

q3 = + 5.0 nC at x = 0?
Force between charges along a line (Example 21.3)
• Two point charges
– q1 = +1.0nC at x = +2.0 cm, &
q2 = -3.0 nC at x = +4.0 cm.
What is the Force of q1 & q2 on

q3 = + 5.0 nC at x = 0?
Vector addition of electric forces- Example 21.4
Two equal positive charges, q1 = q2 = +2.0mC are
located at x=0, y = + 0.30 m
& x=0, y = -.30 m respectively.
What is the Force of q1 and q2 on Q = + 5.0 mC

at x = 0.40 m, y = 0?
• You must use COMPONENTS!
• No Fruit Salad!! Break vectors

into x & y COMPONENTS!!!
Vector addition of electric forces – Example 21.4
Vector addition of electric forces
• Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.
Vector addition of electric forces
• Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.
Q21.3
Three point charges lie at the Charge #2
vertices of an equilateral triangle as +q
shown. All three charges have the
same magnitude, but charges #1 Charge #1
and #2 are positive (+q) and charge +q
#3 is negative (–q). y
The net electric force that charges
–q
#2 and #3 exert on charge #1 is in
x Charge #3
A. the +x-direction. B. the –x-direction.
C. the +y-direction. D. the –y-direction.
A21.3
vertices of an equilateral triangle as +q
same magnitude, but charges #1 Charge #1
and #2 are positive (+q) and charge +q
#3 is negative (–q). y
–q
x Charge #3
Q21.4
vertices of an equilateral triangle as
–q
same magnitude, but charge #1 is Charge #1
positive (+q) and charges #2 and #3 +q
are negative (–q). y
–q
x Charge #3
A21.4
vertices of an equilateral triangle as
–q
same magnitude, but charge #1 is Charge #1
positive (+q) and charges #2 and #3 +q
are negative (–q). y
–q
x Charge #3
Electric field
• A charged body produces an electric field in the space around it
Electric field
• We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.
Electric field
• We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.
Definition of the electric field
• E fields are VECTOR fields – and solutions to
problems require magnitude, direction, and units.
– Need Coordinate System for direction!
– Need Units Force/Charge = Newtons/Coulomb = N/C
– E = (kq0q/r2)/q0 = (kq/r2) (-r direction!) N/C
Electric field of a point charge
• E fields from positive charges point AWAY from the charge
Electric field of a point charge
• E fields point TOWARDS a negative charge:
Electric-field vector of a point charge
• Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
• Charge of -8.0 nC at
origin.
What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?
• Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
• Charge of -8.0 nC at
origin.
What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?
If you see BOLD, it is a vector!

Magnitude, Units, & Direction
Required!
• What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?
• E = -11N/C x + 14 N/C y
(2 sig figs)
• |E| = 18 N/C
in direction
q = arctan Ey/Ex
= 127 degrees from +x
or 53˚ from –x axis
• What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?
• E = -11N/C x + 14 N/C y
• |E| = 18 N/C
in direction
q = arctan Ey/Ex
= -53 degrees
Q21.5
A positive point charge +Q is released from rest in an electric
field. At any later time, the velocity of the point charge
A. is in the direction of the electric field at the position

of the point charge.
B. is directly opposite the direction of the electric field at
the position of the point charge.
C. is perpendicular to the direction of the electric field at
D. is zero.
E. not enough information given to decide
A21.5
A positive point charge +Q is released from rest in an electric
field. At any later time, the velocity of the point charge
A. is in the direction of the electric field at the position

of the point charge.
B. is directly opposite the direction of the electric field at
C. is perpendicular to the direction of the electric field at
D. is zero.
E. none of the above are true.
Electron in a uniform field
• Example 21.7: Determine force on a charge in a known
uniform electric field.
• Plates 1.0 cm apart, connected to 100 V battery creating
a uniform E field of 100V/0.01 m = 10,000 N/C
• What’s a VOLT?
• Plates 1.0 cm apart, connected to
100 V battery creating a uniform
E field of 100V/0.01 m = 10,000
N/C
• What’s a VOLT?
– A unit of potential
energy/charge (Joules/Coulomb)
– Like “electrical water
pressure”
– 1 Volt/meter =
1 Newton/Coulomb (E field)
• Plates 1.0 cm apart, connected to 100 V battery creating
a uniform E field of 100V/0.01 m = 10,000 N/C
• Electron released from rest; what is acceleration?
Final velocity? Total KE? Time to travel 1.0 cm?
Superposition of electric fields
• The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due
to all the charges present.
• Electric DIPOLE fields are important!!
Q21.6
Two point charges and a point P lie Charge #1
at the vertices of an equilateral –q
triangle as shown. Both point
charges have the same magnitude q
but opposite signs. There is nothing P
at point P. y
The net electric field that charges
+q
#1 and #2 produce at point P is in
x Charge #2
A21.6
charges have the same magnitude q
but opposite signs. There is nothing P
at point P. y
+q
x Charge #2
Dipole E fields
Dipole E fields
Dipole E fields
Dipole E fields
Q21.7
charges have the same negative
charge (–q). There is nothing at P
point P. y
–q
x Charge #2
A21.7
charges have the same negative
charge (–q). There is nothing at P
point P. y
–q
x Charge #2
Field of a charged line segment Example 21.10
• Line of charge => use l as Charge/Meter = Q/2a
• Set up dQ = l dy; find field dEx and dEy at P (in x and y
separately) from kdQ/r2
• Integrate from y = -a to +a (Check out Youtube)
Field of a charged line segment Example 21.10
• Find E = Ex only = kQ/x(x2+a2)½ (+x direction)
• For a >>x, E = k(Q/a)/x[(x/a)2+1)]½ ~ k(Q/a)/x ~ 2k l/ x
• So for LONG wire, field nearby goes as 1/r…
Q21.9
Positive charge is uniformly

distributed around a semicircle.
The electric field that this
charge produces at the center
of curvature P is in
A. the +x-direction.
B. the –x-direction.
C. the +y-direction.
D. the –y-direction.
A21.9
Positive charge is uniformly

distributed around a semicircle.
The electric field that this
charge produces at the center
of curvature P is in
A. the +x-direction.
B. the –x-direction.
C. the +y-direction.
D. the –y-direction.
Field of a ring of charge
• Example 21.9 - a uniform ring of charge.
• Any continuous charge distribution – INTEGRALS!
• Always start with a small “dQ”, and calculate dF or dE
created from that dQ.
• Remember dF & dE are still VECTORS!
Field of a ring of charge
• Example 21.9 - a uniform ring of charge.
• Use l as Charge/Meter for “charge density” [C/m]
• dQ = l (charge density) x ds (length of segment)
• dQ = l (Coulombs/meter) x ds (meters) = Coulombs
Field of a uniformly charged disk
• Example 21.11 – Superposition of multiple rings!
• Surface of charge – use s = Charge/Area = Q/pR2
• Find dQ = s dA where dA = (2pr)dr
• Find dQ = s dA where dA = (2pr)dr
• dEx = [kdQ/(x2 + r2)]cos(q)
q
q
• Ex = k2sp[ 1 - 1 ] (+x direction)
[(R2/x2) +1]
• At R >>x, Ex = k2sp = s/20

Field of two oppositely charged infinite sheets
• Example 21.12- Superposition of two sheets
Electric field lines
• An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve

whose tangent at any point is the direction of the electric
field vector at that point.
Electric field lines of point charges
• Figure 21.28 below shows the electric field lines of a single point
charge and for two charges of opposite sign and of equal sign.
Q21.8
The illustration shows the electric field lines due to three
point charges. The electric field is strongest
A. where the field lines are closest

together.
B. where the field lines are
farthest apart.
C. where adjacent field lines are
parallel.
D. none of the above
A21.8
The illustration shows the electric field lines due to three
point charges. The electric field is strongest
A. where the field lines are closest

together.
B. where the field lines are farthest
apart.
C. where adjacent field lines are
parallel.
D. none of the above
Dipole Moments (Torques!)
• An electric dipole is a pair of point charges having equal

but opposite sign and separated by a distance.
Electric field of a dipole creates a dipole moment
• What is the field ABOVE the positive charge??
Force and torque on a dipole
• Figure below left shows the force on a dipole in an electric field.

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21 Lecture Outline

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Chapter 21

Electric Charge and

Lectures by Wayne Anderson; modified Scott Hildreth 2016

• Learn how objects become charged

• Calculate electric force between objects using

• Learn distinction between electric force and

• Calculate the electric

• Visualize and interpret

• Integration of continuous variables

• Integration of continuous variables

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and a

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and a

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and

• The particles of the

• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.

• Proton & electron have same

• Proton & electron have same

• All observable charge is

• Proton & electron have same

• Universal principle of charge

+3e – 5e +12e – 43e = -33 e

• Most metals are good

• A conductor permits the easy movement of charge

• An insulator does not.

• Start with UNCHARGED conducting ball…

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

A. electrons are less massive than atomic nuclei.

A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

A. electrons are less massive than atomic

• The magnitude of electric

• “k” = 9 x 109 Newton

• “k” = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2

0 = “Electric Permittivity of Free Space”

Example 21.1 compares the

An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

DRAW the VECTORS!!

An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

An alpha particle has mass

Note: Force of Gravity = Gm1m2/r2

G= 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

An alpha particle has mass m

Fe/Fg = 3.1 x 1035!!!!

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

What is the Force of q1 on q2?

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

What is the Force of q1 on q2?

Step 1: Force is a vector – create a coordinate

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

What is the Force of q1 on q2?

F of q1 on q2 = F12 = 0.019N <-x>

What is the Force of q1 & q2 on

What is the Force of q1 & q2 on

What is the Force of q1 and q2 on Q = + 5.0 mC

• You must use COMPONENTS!