Chapter Objectives

 Understand the concept of normal and shear strain

 Apply the concept to determine the strains for various
types of problems

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In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Normal Strain
4. Shear Strain
5. Cartesian Strain Components
6. Concept Quiz

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
READING QUIZ

1) The center portion of the rubber balloon has a

diameter of d = 100 mm. If the air pressure
within it causes the balloon’s diameter to
become d = 125mm, determine the average
normal strain in the rubber.

a) 0.2

b) 0.25 π

c) 0.25

d) 1.25

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READING QUIZ (cont)

2) What is the unit of strain?

a) mm

b) mm/m

c) Micron

d) no unit

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APPLICATIONS

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NORMAL STRAIN

s ' s
 avg 
s

s's
  lim
B  A along n s

s'  1   s

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SHEAR STRAIN


 nt   lim '
2 B  A along n
C  A along t

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CARTESIAN STRAIN
• The approximate lengths of the sides
of the parallelepiped are
1   x x 1   y 1   z
y z

• The approximate angles between sides, again originally

defined by the sides Δ x, Δ y and Δ z are
  
  xy   yz   xz
2 2 2

• Notice that the normal strains cause a change in volume

of rectangular element, whereas the shear strain cause a
change in shape

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CARTESIAN STRAIN (cont)

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EXAMPLE 1
The slender rod creates a normal strain in the rod of   4010 z z
3 1/ 2

where z is in meters. Determine (a) displacement of end B

due to the temperature increase, and (b) the average normal
strain in the rod.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
• Since the normal strain is reported at each point along the rod, it has a
deformed length of
   
dz '  1  40 103 z1/ 2 dz

• The sum along the axis yields the deformed length of the rod is

 1  4010 z dz  0.20239 m

0.2
3
z'  1/ 2

• The displacement of the end of the rod is therefore

 B  0.20239  0.2  0.00239m  2.39mm  (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• Assumes the rod has an original length of 200 mm and a change in
length of 2.39 mm. Hence,

s's 2.39
 avg    0.0119 mm/mm (Ans)
s 200

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EXAMPLE 2
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape
shown in Fig. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average normal strain
along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate
at A relative to the and y axes.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
• Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus
the length of this line is

AB'  250  22  32  248.018 mm

• The average normal strain for AB is therefore

AB' AB 248.018  250

 AB avg 
AB

240
 7.93 10 3 mm/mm (Ans) 
• The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate,
referenced from the x, y axes, changes to θ’ due to the displacement of B
to B’.

• Since  xy  2   ' then  xy is the angle shown in the figure.

• Thus,
 3 
 xy  tan 1    0.121 rad (Ans)
 250  2 

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CONCEPT QUIZ

1) The rectangular membrane has an

unstretched length L1 and width L2. If the
sides are increased by small amounts ΔL1
and ΔL2, determine the normal strain along
the diagonal AB.

L1 L2 L12  L22

A)  B)
L1 L2 L12  L22

C)
L1  L2
D)
L 2
1  L22 
L1  L2 L 2
1  L22 

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CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

2) The rectangular plate is subjected to the

deformation shown by the dashed line.
Determine the average shear strain γxy of the
plate.

3 3
A) B)
150 200

150 3
C) D)
200 150 2
 200 2 

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Problem 1

Problem 2
Solution 1
Solution 2