Professional Documents
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SYSTEM
EMERITA C. MENDOZA,
R.N., M.D.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• periosteum
• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Metaphysis mature
to epiphyseal lines
• Marrow cavity with
yellow bone marrow
• endosteum
PARTS OF
A BONE
Types of Bone
• According to location:
• Axial – found along our midline axis
• Appendicular – found in our extremities
• According to shape:
• flat & irregular bones – many axial bones
• long and short bones – in our limbs
• pneumatic bones – have air spaces, e.g., skull
• sesamoid – in tendons, e.g., patella
Types of Bone
• According to structure:
• Compact or dense bone – outer casing
• Spongy or cancellous bone – interior marrow
• According to development:
• Endochondral – during fetal development,
ossifies from a cartilage stage, e.g., long bones
• Membranous – develop from non-cartilage
connective tissue, e.g., flat, irregular bones
Bone Ossification
OSTEOBLASTS
• bone-building cells
• Secrete the protein collagen
• Apatite – CaPO4 that crystallizes around
collagen fibers, forming hard bone matrix
• Osteoblasts become isolated/trapped in
the lacunae osteocytes
Bone Resorption
OSTEOCLASTS
• Cells that break down or collapse bone
• Large cells that move about secreting
enzymes that digest bone
*Osteoclasts & osteoblasts work together to
shape bones and to form the precise grain
needed in the finished bone
How many bones
are in our skeleton?
• Axial: • Appendicular:
• 8 cranial bones
• 14 facial bones
• 6 small bones in the
middle ear
The Cranium
• protects the brain
• 4 major divisions:
• frontal bone - anterior
• parietals – central
• temporals - lateral
• occipital – posterior
• Plus the:
• sphenoid - base
• ethmoid – roof of nostrils
• malleus or hammer –
articulates with
eardrum
• stapes or stirrup –
articulates with oval
window
Cranial Sutures
• Sagittal – joint bet the
two parietal bones
• Coronal – joins the
parietal bones to the
frontal bone
• Lambdoidal – joint bet
the parietal bones
and the occipital bone
Fontanelles or soft spots
• Fibrous connective
tissue or cartilage that
occur at the angles of
the parietal bone
• Anterior – closes at 12-
18 months
• Posterior – closes at 3-
4 months
Sinuses
• Air spaces lined w/
mucous membrane
found in some cranial
bones
• The paranasal
sinuses (located in
the frontal, maxillary,
sphenoid, & ethmoid
bones) are
continuous w/ the
nose and throat
The Vertebral Column or Spine
• Attaches the UE to
the axial skeleton
• Consists of:
– Scapula – shoulder
blade
– Clavicle – collar
bone
• Articulates with the
sternum via the
clavicle but not with
the vertebral
column
The “Shoulder Blade”: Scapula
• Major parts of the
shoulder blade:
• spine of scapula, or
acromion, with
coronoid
• coracoid process
• glenoid fossa
• clavicular facet
bone”
butterfly
• ASIS = anterior superior iliac
spine, important landmark
• PSIS – lies deep to a dimple
• ischial tuberosity – part we sit on
• symphysis pubis – fibroelastic
connection between two pubic
bones
• acetabulum – depression for the
head of the femur
• greater sciatic notch – opening
for sciatic nerve
• lesser sciatic notch
• obturator foramen – for obturator
nerve
• linea terminalis, or pelvic brim –
separates “false pelvis” above
from “true pelvis” below
Female pelvis
• Broader and more
shallow
• Pelvic inlet is larger &
more circular
• Ischial spines are shorter
with greater relative
distance bet them
• Greater angle bet the
pubic bones
• Adapted for a developing
baby & its delivery
The Lower Extremity
• Consists of 30
bones:
– Femur – upper leg
or thigh
– Patella – or kneecap
– Tibia & fibula –
lower leg or shin
– Tarsal bones – back
part of foot & heel
– Metatarsals – main
part of the foot
– Phalanges - toes
The “thigh bone”: Femur
• longest bone of the body
• acetabular head articulates with
the pelvic acetabulum
• neck – commonly fractured, esp.
in postmenopausal women with
osteoporosis (excessive bone
resorption)
• greater trochanter – for
attachments, e.g., gluteus m
• lesser trochanter – for the
iliopsoas m.
• shaft
• epicondyles – for attachment of
medial & lateral collateral
ligaments of the knee joint to the
leg bones, and articulation with
the tibia
• trochlea – facet for patella
The “knee cap”: Patella
• sesamoid bone
• articulates with the femoral
trochlea above and the
tibial head below
• surrounded by
ligaments,e.g., anterior &
posterior cruciates, medial
(tibial) & lateral (fibular)
collaterals
• prepatellar bursa is
associated with gouty
arthritis when excess uric
acid is produced, causing
arthritic pain
The leg bones: Tibia & Fibula
• leg also known as crus,
• anterior leg as shin
• articulates with the femur via the
larger, medial tibia
• the smaller, lateral fibula is
mostly for attachment of mm
• tibia-fibula joined together by an
interosseous membrane
• medial (tibial) malleolus = inner
ankle, area prone to sprain
• lateral (fibular) malleolus = outer
ankle, prone to fracture
• lower quadrangular surface of
tibia bears much weight on the
foot
The
Ankle
Bones
tibia
fibula
talus
The Foot bones, Sole: Tarsals
• the tall talus receives
the weight from the
tibia
• rests on a “calcified
rock,” the calcaneus
• mid-sole are the
navicular, cuboid, and
three cuneiforms
• cuboid and
cuneiforms articulate
with the metatarsals
The Toes: Metatarsals & Phalanges
• Enarthrosis – ball-and-socket
of shoulder, hip
• Ginglymus – hinge of
elbow, digits, ankle,
mandible
• Condyloid – knee, MCP, wrist
• Trochoid – pivot of atlas,
radioulnar
• Arthrodial – sliding of
acromioclavicular jt, CMC,
knee, ribs, sternoclavicular,
subtalar, tibiofibular
• Saddle - vertebra
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
• ORIGIN:
– The attachment of
muscle to the less
movable bone
• INSERTION
– The attachment of
the muscle to the
more movable bone
Flexion Decreasing the angle between two
bones; bending a limb
Extension Increasing the angle between two bones;
straightening out a limb
Abduction Movement away from the midline of the
body
Adduction Movement toward the midline of the body
Rotation Circular movement around an axis
Dorsiflexion Backward (upward) bending of the foot
Plantar flexion Bending the sole of the foot downward
toward the ground; toe pointing
Supination As applied to the hand, the act of turning
the palm forward, or up
Pronation As applied to the hand, the act of turning
the palm backward, or down