Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BAA1312 &DAA1312
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:
-Enhance basic knowledge of concrete, pre-cast concrete and its behavior.
-Practice the important concrete tests
• -To know more about the things that should be taken in consideration for the construction
using steel and other materials.
ATTENDANCE
Students must attend 100% of the classes. Students will be barred from
taking / sitting for their final examination should they fail to attend classes without
valid reason or given permission.
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
Modern building often comprise vast numbers of components, many pre-manufactured and simply assembled on
site, while some, such as concrete, are manufactured in situ. In each case, satisfactory operation of building as a
whole depends on the performance of the materials from which its components are made as well as on how they
interact with each other in the building.
Before assessing the suitability of any one material for given situation, the performance requirements for that
situation must identified. Such requirements might include:
•Structural safety – the ability to withstand stresses resulting from gravity, wind, thermal or moisture movement,
or other sources.
•Health/safety – there should be no risk to health due to chemical or physical effect of the material both during
and after construction.
•Fire – the material must behave acceptable in resisting fire spread, release of dangerous substances in fire and
retaining satisfactory structural stability
•Durability – the material should fulfils the above performance criteria as required for the planned lifetime of the
building
In addition to the above performance requirements of materials within the finished building, the following might
also have to considered:
•Availability/cost
•Ease with which material can be incorporated into the building (buildability)
•Environmental aspect – for example, energy demand of the material during manufacture and ability to conserve
energy in use.
Introduction
Introduction
2 Categories of Cement
Hydraulic Cement
Would set & hardened under water
Can be classified to 3 kind of cement that is:
1) Natural Cement
2) Portland Cement
3) Aluminous Cement
Cement Grout
- A mixture of cement & water
Cement Mortar
- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.
Cement concrete
- A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made by mixing substances containing Calcium Carbonate such as chalk /
limestone,
with substances containing silica , alumina and iron oxide such as clay/ shale.
•Clay/shale:
SiO2 Silica (silicon oxide) abbreviated S
Fe203 Ferrite (iron oxide) abbreviated F
Al203 Alumina (aluminium oxide) abbreviated A
•Limestone/chalk
CaC03 Calcium carbonate abbreviated C
a) Chemical Composition
C3S
Strength
C2S
C3A
C4AF
Time
b) Fineness
1 2 3&4 5
C3S Hydration
Rate of heat
C3A Hydration
Time
d) Setting time
• The time from the addition of water to the initial & final setting stage.
• Also refers to time of changes of the cement paste from a liquid to a rigid stage.
• The setting process is accompanied by the temperature changes, hydration resolves in the
formation of the gel around each parties of cement.
• The means of controlling the rate at which cement stiffened by intergrinding a measured
quantities of gypsum
Initial Setting
Defined as the beginning of the noticeable stiffening in the cement paste.
• It’s corresponds to a rapid rise in temperature.
Normally takes about 45 – 175 minutes.
-
Final Setting Time
Refers to completion of setting, which corresponds to the peak temperature in the cement paste.
The stiffening of cement paste increases as the volume of the gel increases and the stage at
which this is complete, the final hardening process begins.
Normally takes between 3 hours to 10 hours for this to happen.
Hardening
• Referred to the gained of the strength of the cement paste.
• During the setting time the cement gained very little strength
Malaysian Standard for Cement Test (MS 7.13:1977)
CHARACTERISTIC
- Must clean & durable & Free from organic impurities & dust (WHY?)
- Coz it may prevent the cement paste from coating the aggregate properly
- Also preventing bonding
- Also lowering the strength of the concrete
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregates
natural sand crushed rock crushed gravel that pass 5mm Bs Sieve dry
vary in character depending on their location, method of extration & gradin
“Sharp” sand has angular grains – used mainly for concrete
“Soft” sand has smaller rounded grains – used for mortars & renderings
Coarse Aggregate
materials that retained on a 5mm sieve when dry.
10mm for small section work with a lot of close reinforcement
20mm for general work
100 – 150 mm for large reinforced pours
All in Aggregate
mixture of coarse & fine aggregate either as extracted / delivered
not allowed for structural purposes
Graded Aggregates
natural agg. consist of different size of stones randomly mixed.
ADMIXTURE
- Materials other than cement, water & aggregates
- Added to the concrete mix to modify & to improve one/ more
specific properties of concrete
PURPOSE OF ADMIXTURE?
v To improve workability of fresh concrete
v To improve durability by entrainment of air
v To reduce the water required
v To accelerate setting & hardenin to produce high early strength
v To aid curing
v To impart water repellant / water proofing property
v To cause dispersion of the cement particles when mixed witH20
v To retard setting
v To improve wear resistance ( hardness )
v To offset / reduce shrinkage during setting & hardening
v To cause expansion of concrete and automatic prestressing of steel
v To aerate mortar / concrete to produce a light – weight product
v To impart colour
v To offset or reduce some chemical reaction
v To reduce bleeding
• To reduce the evolution of heat
COMMONLY USED ADMIXTURE (TYPE)
v Accelarator
- added to increase the rate of hydration of concrete mix
which then lead to the increases in the rate of development
of strength and greater heat evolution.
- And to shorten the setting time
- Disadvantages is possible cracking due to heat evolution
& Possibility of corrosion of embedded reinforcement
- A good accelerator will accelerated the hydration of the
C3S or C2S content of cement
- The best know accelarator is calcium chloride
Water Reducing Admixture
- -by adding to a hydraulic binder , gives very high workability and allows a
large decrease in water content for a given workability.
- -enhances the hydration process
- -allows the particles to be more workable
- -less susceptible to segregation and bleeding problems.
Air entraining Admixtures