Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Networking
8th Edition
Prof. M. Ulema
Manhattan College
Computer Information Systems
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1-1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Data
Communications
Deregulation:
• Competitive long distance (IXC) market; MCI & Sprint enter LD
market (among others)
• Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) service markets remained
under RBOC monopoly
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1-9
US Telecom Act of 1996
• Replaced all current laws, FCC
regulations, 1984 consent decree, and
overrules state laws
• Main goal: open local markets to
competition
• To date, though, local competition slow to
take hold…
– Large IXCs expected to move into the local
markets, happening only recently
– Likewise, RBOCs expected to move into long
distance markets, happening only recently
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 - 10
Worldwide Competitive Markets
• Internet market
– Extremely competitive with more than 5000 Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) in the US alone.
– Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake out
in the near future.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement
(1997)
– commitments by 68 countries to open, deregulate or
lessen regulation in their telecom markets
• Multi-national telecom companies
– US companies offering services in Europe, South
America
– European companies offering services in USA
PC revolution
Data communications over
Networking
phone lines (became
everywhere
common and mainframes
became multi-user systems)
NSFNet commercial
Originally called created as
ARPANET, the Internet access to
US Internet the Internet
began as a military-
academic network backbone begins
Data Communications
movement of computer information
by means of electrical or optical
transmission systems
convergence
Broadband Communications
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 - 14
Components of a Local Area Network
To other networks
(e.g., Internet)
Router
Servers
File
HUB
Server
Web Client
Server Computers
Circuits
Print Printer
Server
Applications Applications
Multi layer
implementation
OS OS -Breaking down into
smaller components
-Easier to implement
• Application Layer
– set of utilities used by application programs
• Presentation Layer
– formats data for presentation to the user
– provides data interfaces, data compression and
translation between different data formats
• Session Layer
– initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session
between sender and receiver
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 - 21
7-Layer Model of OSI
• Transport Layer
– deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the
message for network transport, and maintaining the
logical connections between sender and receiver
• Network Layer
– responsible for making routing decisions
• Data Link Layer
– deals with message delineation, error control and
network medium access control
• Physical Layer
– defines how individual bits are formatted to be
transmitted through the network
Applications Applications
A receiving layer
wraps incoming
message with an
envelope A receiving layer
removes the
• Adds layer
layer related
related
envelope and
addressing
forwards the
information
message up
Layer N Layer N
sender receiver
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 - 26
Message Transmission Example