KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION

ENGR. CYNTHIA V PLAZA

DISPLACEMENT
• KINEMATICS deals with the concepts that are
needed to described motion, without any
reference to Force
• DYNAMICS deals with the effect that forces
have on motion
• MECHANICS – effects of KINEMATICS and
DYNAMICS
DISPLACEMENT
• The displacement is a vector from an object’s initial
position to its final position and has a magnitude
that equals the shortest distance between two
positions.
SPEED AND VELOCITY
• Average Speed – features how fast an object is
moving

• Average Velocity – is defined as the

displacement divided by the elapsed time.
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
• Instantaneous velocity indicates how fast an
object moves and the direction of the motion
at an instant of time.

• The notation indicated in the ratio is defined

as the limiting process in which smaller and
smaller values of Δt are used, so small that
they approach zero.
ACCELERATION
• Acceleration emerges when the change in the
velocity is combined with the time during
which the change occurs.
• Average Acceleration – when change of
velocity is divided by change in time
• Instantaneous Acceleration – refers to the
object’s acceleration at a particular instant of
time.

Equations of Kinematics for Constant

Acceleration:
• V = Vo + axt
• V2 = Vox2 + 2axx
• X = ½(V + Vox )t
• X = Vox t + ½ axt
FREE FALLING BODIES
• Effects of gravity as it causes objects to fall
downward
• If the distance of the fall is small compared to
the earth radius, the acceleration remains
essentially constant in free-fall
• V = Voy + ayt
• V2 = Voy2 + 2ayy
• Y = ½( V + Voy )t
• Y = Voy t + ½ ayt
Example: A falling stone
A stone is dropped from rest from the top of the
building. After 3.00s of free fall, what is the
displacement y of the stone.
Example: The velocity of a falling
stone
• After 3.00s of free-fall, what is the velocity v
of the stone?
• The acceleration due to gravity is always a
downward-pointing vector.
• It describes how the speed increases for an
object that is falling freely downward
• Also describes how the speed decreases for an
object moving upward under the influence the
influence of gravity alone.
Example
• A football game customarily begins with a coin
toss to determine who kicks off. The referee
tosses the coin up with an initial speed of 5.00
m/s. In the absence of air resistance, how high
does the coin go above its point of release?
• What is the total time the coin is in the air
before returning to its release point?
SYMMETRY IN FREE-FALL MOTION
• TIME SYMMETRY
• SYMMETRY IN VELOCITY
EXAMPLE
A skydiver is falling down, along the negative y
direction. (a) During the initial part of the fall, her,
speed increases from 16 to 28 m/s in 1.5 s, (b)
Later, her parachute opens, and her speed
decreases from 48 to 26 m/s in 11s, as in part b.
In both instances, determine the magnitude and
direction of her average acceleration.
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• Is her average acceleration positive or negative when her
speed is increasing in (a)
• Is her average acceleration positive or negative when her
speed is decreasing in (b)
EXAMPLE
A top-fuel dragster starts from rest and has a constant
acceleration of 40.0 m/s2. What are the (a) final
velocities and (b) displacements of the dragster at
the end of 2.0s and at the end of twice this time, or
4.0s?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• At a time t the dragster has a certain velocity. When
the time doubles to 2t, does the velocity also
double?
• When the time doubles to 2t, does the displacement
of the dragster also double?
Example: Average and Instantaneous Velocity
A cheetah is crouched 20m to the east of an observer.
At t = 0 the cheetah begins to run due east toward an
antelope that is 50m to the east of the observer.
During the first 2.0s of the attack, the cheetah’s
coordinate x varies with the time according to the
equation x = 20m + (5.0 m/s2)t2. (a) Find the
cheetah’s displacement between t1 = 1.0s and t2 =
2.0s. (b) Find its average velocity during that interval.
(c) Find its instantaneous velocity at t1 = 1.0s by
taking Δt = 0.1s, then 0.01s, then 0.001s. (d) Then
derive an expression for the cheetah’s instantaneous
velocity as a function of time, and use it to find vx at t
= 1.0s and t = 2.0s
Example: Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Suppose the x-velocity vx of the car at any time t is
given by the equation
vx = 60m/s + (0.50 m/s3)t2
(a) Find the change in x – velocity of the car in the
time interval t1 = 1.0s to t2 = 3.0s
(b) Find the average x-acceleration in this time interval
(c) Find the instantaneous x-acceleration at time t1 =
1.0 s by taking Δt to be first 0.1s, then 0.01s, then
0.001s.
(d) Derive an expression for the instantaneous x-
acceleration as a function of time, and use it to find
ax at t = 1.0s and t = 3.0s