Balanced?

9/12/13
Which equation shows conservation of atoms?
a)H2 + O2  2 H2O
b)H2 + O2  H2O
c)2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
d)2 H2 + 2 O2  2 H2O
Which equation shows conservation of mass?
a)CaO + 2 H2O  Ca(OH)2
b)NH3 + 2 O2  HNO3 + H2O
c)Al + Br2  AlBr3
d)H2 + O2  2 H2O
 Stoichiometry
• stoichiometry - the area of study that
examines the quantities of substances
consumed and produced in chemical reactions
• Built on an understanding of atomic masses,
chemical formulas, and the law of
conservation of mass

2
 Reaction Types:
Alkali Metal + Water
Group 1 (alkali) metals react violently with water to form
the metal hydroxide (basic!) and hydrogen gas
M + H2O  MOH + H2 (g)

3
 Reaction Types:
Combination (Synthesis) Reactions
Flares and some fireworks:
• In this type of
reaction two or more
substances (often 2
elements) react to
form one product
A+BC
• If reactants are
metal and nonmetal,
Examples: product is ionic solid.
– 2 Al (s) + 3 Br2 (g)  2 AlBr3 (s) – Product is
determined by
– N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g) predicting charges
of ions.
– C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
4
 Reaction Types:
Decomposition Reactions
• In a decomposition one
substance breaks down into
two or more substances.
CA+B
• Often involves heat.
– Ex: Many metal carbonates
are heated to give metal
oxides and CO2

Examples:
– CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g) (CaO = lime)
– 2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
– 2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g) (air bags)
5
 Reaction Types:
Combustion Reactions
• Always involve O2 from the
air as a reactant
• Exothermic (all flames are
combustion reactions)
• Often involve hydrocarbons
as the other reactant
– hydrocarbon: compound
with either
• C and H only
• C, H, and O
– If these completely combust,
products are always CO2 and
H2O
Examples:
– CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
– C6H12O6 (g) + 6 O2 (g)  6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)
6
 Examples: Reaction Types
Name the type of reaction, predict the
product(s), and balance the equation:
a. CH3OH + O2

b. Na + H2O
Δ
c. BaCO3

d. Al(s) + Cl2(g)

e. When C8H8 burns in air

7
Combustion 9/13/13
Balance the combustion reaction

____ C8H18 + ____ O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

 Percent Composition
To find the percentage of the mass of a
compound that comes from each of the
elements in the compound:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% element = x 100
FW of the compound

9
Example: Percent Composition
What is the percent composition of
hydrogen in NH4H2PO4? 5.26%

10
 Subscripts: Molecular Level and Molar Level
The subscripts in a formula show 2 things:
1. the number of each type of atom in 1 molecule (molecular level)
2. the moles of each type of atom in 1 mole of compound (molar level)
Glucose
C6H12O6

in 1 molecule of C6H12O6 : 6 atoms C 12 atoms H 6 atoms O

OR….

in 1 mole of C6H12O6 : 6 moles C 12 moles H 6 moles O

Subscripts: Another Conversion Factor!
The subscripts allow us to interconvert:
moles of moles of the compound the
atoms or ions atoms or ions are contained in
In 1 mole of C6H12O6 : 6 moles C 12 moles H 6 moles O

We can write 3 conversion factors from the subscripts of C 6H12O6 :

6 mol C 12 mol H 6 mol O
1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

Or we can flip them upside-down:

1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

6 mol C 12 mol H 6 mol O
 Subscripts: Example

How many moles of O are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

0.600 mole of O

13
Example: Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts
Calculate the number of H atoms in 2.00 mol H2O.

•Our given is in units of moles

•We want the number of particles (H atoms in this case)
•The only way to relate number of particles to moles of those same particles
is by using Avogadro’s number.
- Remember: 6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mole of those same particles

- So for this problem, we have: 6.02 x 1023 H atoms = 1 mol H atoms

•We can also relate the number of moles of H2O to number of moles of H
atoms (by using the subscripts)
- So, 1 mol H2O = 2 mol H atoms
2 mol H atoms 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
2.00 mol H2O x x = 2.41 x 1024 H atoms
1 mol H2O 1 mol H atoms

14
Examples: Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts

1. Calculate the number of O atoms in 2.10 mol Al2(CO3)3.

1.14 x 1025 O atoms

2. Calculate the number of PO43- ions in 3.0 mol Mg3(PO4)2.

3.6 x 1024 PO43- ions

3. How many moles of Mg3(PO4)2 are in 1.450 x 1020 formula units of

Mg3(PO4)2? 2.409 x 10-4 formula units

15
 Examples:
Avogadro’s Number + Subscripts + Molar Mass
1. How many H atoms are in 3.01 x 10-2 mg of H2O?
2.01 x 1018 H atoms

2. What is the mass in grams of Na+ ions in a sample of Na2O

containing 1.02 x1020 Na2O formula units? 7.79 x 10-3 g Na+

16
 Calculating Empirical Formulas
• One can calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition.
• The ratio of the number of moles of each element in a compound
gives the subscripts in a compound’s empirical formula.

“Percent to mass, mass to mol, divide by small, multiply ‘til whole!”

17
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have seen

it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is composed of
carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen (10.21%), and
oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.

18
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Assume 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid, find mass of each element:

C: 61.31 % = 61.31 g C

H: 5.14 % = 5.14 g H

N: 10.21 % = 10.21 g N

O: 23.33 % = 23.33 g O

19
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

From mass, calculate the number of moles of each element:

C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
H: 5.14 g x 1 mol = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g

20
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number of moles:

5.105 mol
C: = 7.005  7
0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: = 6.984  7
0.7288 mol Empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: = 2.001  2
0.7288 mol
21
 Molecular Formula from Empirical
Formula
• If we are given molar mass of the compound, we can
determine the molecular formula
• The subscripts in the molecular formula of a substance are
always a whole-number multiple of the corresponding
subscripts in the empirical formula:
molar mass of actual compound
whole number multiple =
molar mass of empirical formula

• Example:
The empirical formula of a compound is found to be NaS2O3. The molar
mass of the compound is 270.4 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula.
molar mass of empirical formula = 135.1 g/mol
270.4 g/mol = 2.001 Multiply each subscript in empirical
formula by 2 to get subscripts of
135.1 g/mol molecular formula 22
The molecular formula is Na2S4O6.
Example: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Ibuprofen, a headache remedy, contains 75.69% C, 8.80% H, and
15.51% O by mass. Its molar mass is 206 g/mol. Determine its
empirical and molecular formulas.
Empirical formula = C13H18O2
Molecular formula = C13H18O2

23
Empirical and Molecular 9/14/15
Determine the empirical and molecular formula

Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, contains 49.5%

C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O by mass and has a
molar mass of 195 g/mol.

24
 Average Atomic Mass 9/12/16
1. What is the formula to calculate the average
atomic mass?
2. How would we set up the following problem?
Find the relative abundance of each isotope of
an unknown element that has an average
atomic mass of 45.995 if Isotope 1 has a mass of
44.992 and Isotope 2 has a mass of 47.895.

25
 Determine the empirical formula:
• 75.0% gold, 10.0% palladium, 10.0% nickel,
5.00% zinc (aka white gold)

26
 Combustion Analysis
• “Empirical” means based on observation and experiment
• So chemists have techniques to determine empirical formula from
experiments

• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely analyzed through

combustion in a chamber like this.
– mass of C - determined from the mass of CO2 produced
– mass of H - determined from the mass of H2O produced
– mass of O - determined by difference after the masses of C and H have been
determined
mass of O = mass of sample – (mass of C + mass of H)

CxHyOz + O2  CO2 + H2O (not balanced)

27
 Combustion Analysis Problem
Isopropyl alcohol is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion of 0.255 g
isopropyl alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.
Plan: To determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol, CxHyOz, we
need to determine number of moles of C, H, and O.
CxHyOz + O2  CO2 + H2O (not balanced)
1. We will first use mole concept to find mass of C and mass of H.
• mass of C present in CO2 = mass of C present in isopropyl alcohol
• mass of H present in H2O = mass of H present in isopropyl alcohol

2. Then we will subtract the sum of mass of C and H from the total mass
to get mass of O
• mass of O = mass of isopropyl alcohol – (mass of C + mass of H)
3. Finally calculate moles of C, H, and O from masses of C, H, and O to
28
 Combustion Analysis Problem
Isopropyl alcohol is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion of 0.255 g
isopropyl alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.

1. We will first use mole concept to find mass of C and mass of H

mass of C: 0.561 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2 x 1 mol C x 12.0 g C = 0.153 g C
44.0 g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C

mass of C present in CO2 = 0.153 g C = mass of C present in isopropyl alcohol

1 mol H2O x 2 mol H x 1.01 g H = 0.0343 g H

mass of H: 0.306 g H2O x
18.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 1 mol H

mass of H present in H2O = 0.0343 g H = mass of H present in isopropyl alcohol

2.mass of O = mass of isopropyl alcohol – (mass of C + mass of H)

29
mass of O = 0.255 g – (0.153 g + 0.0343 g) = 0.068 g O
 Combustion Analysis Problem
Isopropyl alcohol is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion of 0.255 g
isopropyl alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O.
Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.

3. Finally calculate moles of C, H, and O from masses of C, H, and O to give

subscripts for empirical formula

• moles C = 0.153 g C x 1 mol C = 0.0128 mol C

12.0 g C = 2.98 mol C  3
0.0043
• moles H = 0.0343 g H x 1 mol H = 0.03430 mol H
1.01 g H = 7.98 mol H  8
0.0043
• moles O = 0.068 g O x 1 mol O = 0.0043 mol O
16.0 g O = 1 mol O
0.0043
• CxHyOz  C3H8O

30
 Combustion Analysis #2
• The combustion of 40.10 g of a compound which contains
only C, H, Cl and O yields 58.57 g of CO2 and 14.98 g of H2O.
Another sample of the compound with a mass of 75.00 g is
found to contain 22.06 g of Cl. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?

31
 Combustion Analysis #2
• The combustion of 40.10 g of a compound which contains
only C, H, Cl and O yields 58.57 g of CO2 and 14.98 g of H2O.
Another sample of the compound with a mass of 75.00 g is
found to contain 22.06 g of Cl. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?

32
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Coefficients: Another Conversion Factor!

The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of moles of reactants and products.

This mole-to-mole ratio 2 molusHto

allows 1 mol O2
2 interconvert: 2 mol H2O

moles
Some conversion of one
factors substance
for above equationin a
are: moles of another substance in the
chemical equation chemical equation

2 moles H2 2 moles H2O 2 moles H2 1 mole O2

2 moles H2O 2 moles H2 1 mole O2 2 moles H2O
33
 Stoichiometric Calculations

Examples:
How many moles of O2 react with 3.02 moles of H2?
1 mol O2
3.02 mol H2 x = 1.51 mol O2
2 mol H2

How many moles of H2O are produced from 2.4 moles of

O2?
2 mol H2O
2.4 mol O2 x = 4.8 mol O2
1 mol O2

34
Stoichiometric Calculations: Summary
This chapter’s 4 new conversion factors, always relating moles:
1. Avogadro’s number
number of particles moles of those same particles

2. Subscripts
moles of moles of the compound the atoms or
atoms or ions ions are contained in

3. Molar Mass
mass of a substance moles of that same substance

4. Coefficients
moles of one substance in a moles of another substance in the
chemical equation chemical equation
35
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Starting with the mass of substance A,
you can use the mole-to-mole ratio from the coefficients of A and B
to calculate the mass of substance B.

Don’t forget you always have to convert to moles first!!

36
 Stoichiometric Calculations
Calculate the mass in grams of water produced when starting
when 1.00 g of C6H12O6 combusts.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams.
37
Combustion Analysis 9/15/15
Menthol is composed of C, H, and O. A 0.1005 g
sample of menthol is combusted, producing
0.2829 g of CO2 and 0.1159 g H2O. What is the
empirical formula for menthol?

38
 Limiting Reactant
• Write a balanced equation for a bread (Br) and cheese (Ch)
sandwich
______ + ______  _________

Ex: We have 10 slices of bread and 7 slices of cheese

• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest

stoichiometric amount; the reactant that produces the least
amount (fewest moles) of product!!!
– In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first
– The __________ limits the number of sandwiches!

• There will be ___________ left over, so it would be the excess

reactant - the one that produces more product (more moles)
of product!!!
39
 Limiting Reactant
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
Suppose we have 10 moles H2 and 7 moles O2.

•To determine which reactants are the limiting reactant and excess reactant,
we calculate moles of product from the mole-to-mole ratio for both reactants
and see which is less:
2 mol H2O
10 mol H2 x = 10 mol H2O limiting reactant = H2
2 mol H2
2 mol H2O
7 mol O2 x = 14 mol H2O excess reactant = O2
1 mol O2
•We can determine how much of the excess reactant was actually used up and
how much we have left over:
1 mol O2
10 mol H2 x = 5 mol O2 actually reacted
2 mol H2

7 mol O2 (started with) – 5 mol O2 (actually reacted) = 2 mol O2 leftover 40

 Yields
• Theoretical yield - max amount of product that can be made
– the most possible product as calculated by stoichiometry
• Actual yield - amount one actually produces and measures in lab

• Percent yield - compares the amount actually obtained (actual

yield) to the amount it was possible to make (theoretical yield)

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

41
 Limiting Reactant: Example
Adipic acid, H2C6H8O4, is used to produce nylon. The acid is made
commercially by a controlled reaction between cyclohexane (C6H12)
and O2:

2 C6H12(l) + 5 O2(g)  2 H2C6H8O4(l) + 2 H2O(g)

The reaction is carried out with 25.0 g of cyclohexane and 35.0 g of

O2. After the reaction, 33.5 g of adipic acid are formed.

a)What is the limiting reactant? C6H12 11.2 g

b)How much of the excess reactant remains after 43.4 the greaction?
c)What is the theoretical yield of adipic acid? 33.5 g
d)What is the actual yield of adipic acid? 77.2 %
e)What is the percent yield of adipic acid?
42
Stoichiometry 9/16/15
Balance the equation and solve the question.
Do not use a calculator.
NH3(g) + O2(g)  NO(g) + H2O(g)
How many grams of water are produced if 51 g of NH3
react completely with oxygen gas?

43
 Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition

Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.,

Bruce E. Bursten,
and Catherine J. Murphy

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry: Calculations with
Chemical Formulas and Equations

Dana & Michelle Chatellier

University of Delaware
© Copyright 2009, Pearson Education
In a chemical equation, the
substances to the left of the
arrow are called the:

a. yields.
b. reactants.
c. products.
d. coefficients.
In a chemical equation, the
substances to the left of the
arrow are called the:

a. yields.
b. reactants.
c. products.
d. coefficients.
When hydrocarbons are
burned in air, they form:

a. water and carbon dioxide.

b. charcoal.
c. methane.
d. oxygen and water.
When hydrocarbons are
burned in air, they form:

a. water and carbon dioxide.

b. charcoal.
c. methane.
d. oxygen and water.
The formula weight of
Na3PO4 is:

a. 70 grams/mole
b. 164 grams/mole
c. 265 grams/mole
d. 116 grams/mole
The formula weight of
Na3PO4 is:

a. 70 grams/mole
b. 164 grams/mole
c. 265 grams/mole
d. 116 grams/mole
The percentage by mass of
phosphorus in Na3PO4 is:

a. 44.0%
b. 11.7%
c. 26.7%
d. 18.9%
The percentage by mass of
phosphorus in Na3PO4 is:

a. 44.0%
b. 11.7%
c. 26.7%
d. 18.9%
The formula weight of any
substance is equal to:

a. Avogadro’s number.
b. its atomic weight.
c. its density.
d. its molar mass.
The formula weight of any
substance is equal to:

a. Avogadro’s number.
b. its atomic weight.
c. its density.
d. its molar mass.
Ethyl alcohol contains 52.2% C, 13.0%
H, and 34.8 % O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ethyl alcohol?

a. C2H5O2
b. C2H6O
c. C2H6O2
d. C3H4O2
Ethyl alcohol contains 52.2% C, 13.0%
H, and 34.8 % O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ethyl alcohol?

a. C2H5O2
b. C2H6O
c. C2H6O2
d. C3H4O2
Methyl methacrylate has a molar mass
of 100 g/mole. When a sample of
methyl methacrylate weighing 3.14 mg
was completely combusted, the only
products formed were 6.91 mg of CO2
and 2.26 mg of water. What is methyl
methacrylate’s molecular formula?

a. C7H16 b. C6H12O
c. C5H8O2 d. C4H4O3
Methyl methacrylate has a molar mass
of 100 g/mole. When a sample of
methyl methacrylate weighing 3.14 mg
was completely combusted, the only
products formed were 6.91 mg of CO2
and 2.26 mg of water. What is methyl
methacrylate’s molecular formula?

a. C7H16 b. C6H12O
c. C5H8O2 d. C4H4O3
2 Fe + 3 Cl2  2 FeCl3

If 10.0 grams of iron and 20.0 grams of

chlorine react as shown, what is the
theoretical yield of ferric chloride?

a. 10.0 grams
b. 20.0 grams
c. 29.0 grams
d. 30.0 grams
2 Fe + 3 Cl2  2 FeCl3

If 10.0 grams of iron and 20.0 grams of

chlorine react as shown, what is the
theoretical yield of ferric chloride?

a. 10.0 grams
b. 20.0 grams
c. 29.0 grams
d. 30.0 grams
C3H4O4 + 2 C2H6O  C7H12O4 + 2 H2O
When 15.0 grams of each reactant
were mixed together, the yield of
C7H12O4 was 15.0 grams. What was the
percentage yield?

a. 100.0%
b. 75.0%
c. 65.0%
d. 50.0%
C3H4O4 + 2 C2H6O  C7H12O4 + 2 H2O
When 15.0 grams of each reactant
were mixed together, the yield of
C7H12O4 was 15.0 grams. What was the
percentage yield?

a. 100.0%
b. 75.0%
c. 65.0%
d. 50.0%
The percentage yield of a reaction
is (100.0%)(X). Which of the
following is X?
a. theoretical yield / actual yield
b. calculated yield / actual yield
c. calculated yield / theoretical yield
d. actual yield / theoretical yield
The percentage yield of a reaction
is (100.0%)(X). Which of the
following is X?
a. theoretical yield / actual yield
b. calculated yield / actual yield
c. calculated yield / theoretical yield
d. actual yield / theoretical yield