AIR DISTRIBUTION

AIR
DISTRIBUTION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AIR DISTRIBUTION

“ THE BASIC ALL AIR SYSTEM CONCEPT IS TO

SUPPLY AIR TO THE ROOM AT SUCH
CONDITIONS THAT THE SENSIBLE HEAT &
LATENT HEAT GAIN IN THE SPACE, WHEN
ABSORBED BY AIR FLOWING THROUGH THE
SPACE WILL BRING THE AIR TO THE DESIRED
ROOM CONDITIONS ”

AIR DISTRIBUTION
  HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS DETERMINE

HOW MUCH AIR IS TO BE SUPPLIED i.e.

DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QUANTITY FOR
MAINTAINING IN SIDE CONDITIONS

 HEAT LOAD & PSYCHROMETRICS DETERMINE

SUPPLY AIR CONDITIONS i.e. LEAVING DBT &

WBT, SO THAT IT CAN ABSORB ROOM
SENSIBLE & LATENT HEAT GAINS
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 A GOOD AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TRANSPORTS
CONDITIONED AIR FROM COOLING APPARATUS AND
SUPPLIES IT TO THE SPACE WITH OUT ANY DRAFT.

 MAINTAINS ADEQUATE ROOM AIR MOTION WITHOUT ANY

UNCOMFORTABLE AUDIBLE NOISE.

 NO STAGNANT POCKETS, AND MAINTAINS UNIFORM

TEMPERATURE THROUGH OUT THE SPACE.

 SYSTEM AIR FLOW SHOULD BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE

OCCUPIED SPACE WITH THE LEAST POSSIBLE LOSSES,
(LEAKAGE/FRICTIONAL) & LEAST TEMPERATURE CHANGE
BECAUSE OF HEAT GAIN.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CAN BE COMPARED TO
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN A HUMAN BODY. IT IS
THE HEART OF THE SYSTEM.

 HEART SUPPLIES THE POWER TO PUSH THE BLOOD

AROUND AND TO PULL IT BACK, THE SAME AS THE FAN
DOES FOR AIR IN A HVAC SYSTEM.

 THE ARTERIES CARRY THE BLOOD ENRICHED WITH

OXYGEN TO WHEREVER IT IS NEEDED, JUST AS THE
SUPPLYAIR DUCT SYSTEM CARRIES THE CONDITIONED
AIR.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 THE VEINS RETURN THE BLOOD AFTER IT HAS GIVEN UP
ITS OXYGEN; ALMOST THE SAME AS RETURN AIR DUCT
CARRY BACK THE AIR AFTER IT HAS DONE ITS COOLING /
HEATING JOB.

 A POOR APPLIED HVAC SYSTEM CAN HAVE REQUIRED

COOLING / HEATING CAPACITY, BUT IF AIR IS NOT
PROPERLY DISTRIBUTED AND AIR MOTION IS NOT
ADEQUATE, AIR CONDITIONING IS NOT EFFECTIVE!

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ROOM
A/C SPACE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
IS THE MEANS TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL

THE SUCCESS OF A GOOD HVAC SYSTEM

LARGELY DEPENDS UPON ITS AIR
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ELEMENTS OF AN AIR DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
OVERALL AIR SYSTEM COMPRISES OF
FOLLOWING IN VARYING CONFIGURATIONS
1. COOLING / HEATING COILS.
2. SPRAY / HUMIDIFIER
3. AIR FILTERS ( PRE, FINE, HEPA )
4. SUPPLY / RETURN/ EXHAUST AIR FANS – WHICH PROVIDES
ENERGY TO MOVE THE AIR
5. CASING - HOUSING THE ABOVE COMPONENTS
6. DUCT THROUGH WHICH AIR IS DISTRIBUTED TO THE SPACE
7. SPLITTER & DAMPERS - TO CONTROL / ISOLATION
8. INLET/ OUT LET/EXHAUST AIR TERMINALS
9. HEAT RECOVERY WHEEL

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ELEMENTS OF AN AIR DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

LEAKAGE
FA DAMPER FILTER COILS SA. FAN VCD
SUPPLY AIR DUCT
SAG

FIRE DAMPER
(+) (-)

VCD ( RA )
SPACE

FIRE DAMPER ( RA )

RAG

RELIEF VCD RETURN AIR DUCT

ELEMENTS OF AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ALL AIR SYSTEM
SINGLE DUCT DUAL DUCT
IN WHICH HEATING / COOLING
SOURCES ARE IN SERIES

• CONSTANT VOLUME, • HEATING AND COOLING

(SINGLE ZONE, VARIABLE DUCTS RUN SEPERATELY
TEMP) MULTI ZONE, IN PARALLEL AND BLEND
BYPASS VAV TOGETHER AT THE
TERMINALS
• VARIABLE VOLUME, FIXED
TEMPERATURE
(THROTTLING, FAN
POWERED, REHEAT…)

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ALL AIR SYSTEM - MERITS
 ALL AIR SYSTEM CAN BE USED FOR COMFORT OR
PROCESS WORK.
 USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS WHERE
CLOSE CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, HIGH
LEVEL OF FILTRATION, FRESH AIR & PRESSURIZATION
ARE REQUIRED
( CLEAN ROOM; HOSPITAL; PHARMA; COMPUTER )
 GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR USE OF ALL OUT SIDE AIR
FOR ECONOMISER COOLING INSTEAD OF MECHANICAL
REF.
 ADAPTS WELL TO WINTER HUMIDIFICATION.
HEAT RECOVERY DEVICES.
HIGH LEVEL OF FILTRATION.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CONSTRAINTS
• REQUIRE ADDITIONAL DUCT CLEARANCE
ABOVE FALSE CEILING, WHICH REDUCES
USABLE FLOOR SPACE OR INCREASES
HEIGHT OF BUILDING.

• VERTICAL SHAFTS - LARGER FLOOR PLAN.

• ASSIST IN SPREAD OF SMOKE.

• NOISE & ODOUR CONTAMINATION.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ALL AIR SYSTEM

PRE COOLING
FILTER COIL S A FAN
OUT DOOR
AIR

(-)

ZONE - 1 R1
HUMIDIFIER

SINGLE ZONE, CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ZONE : IS AN AREA THAT REQUIRES
SEPARATE CONTROL OF CONDITIONS

• EACH ZONE CAN HAVE MANY ROOMS/ SPACES WITH

SIMILAR INSIDE CONDITIONS

•CANBE FED FROM SAME AHU IF HOURS & TIME OF

OPERATION, FILTRATION LEVEL AND INSIDE
TEMP & HUMIDITY REQUIREMENT ARE SAME

• IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE HEAT GAINS AND

LOSSES WITHIN THE CONDITIONED SPACE ARE
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED - IF A SINGLE ZONE
SYSTEM IS USED.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 T1

REHEAT COIL
ZONE - 1
COOLING T2
OUT DOOR COIL SA. FAN
AIR

REHEAT COIL
ZONE - 2

PRE FILTER HUMIDIFIER BY PASS TO

CEILING

BYPASS VAV BOX T3

ZONE - 3
RETURN AIR

SINGLE DUCT - MULTI ZONE TEMPERATURE CONTROL

CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 HVAC DUCT SYSTEM
 IT IS A STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY WHOSE PRIMARY
FUNCTION IS TO CONVEY AIR BETWEEN TWO SPECIFIC
POINTS.
EXHAUST AIR DUCT
4

AIR HANDLING
UNIT

COIL 1
SUPPLY AIR
DUCT
FILTER
3 SA RA
A/C
SPACE
FRESH AIR
DUCT

RETURN AIR DUCT 2

HVAC DUCT SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SUPPLY AIR DUCT - CONDITIONED AIR IS SUPPLIED TO
THE CONDITIONED SPACE THR0 OUTLET TERMINALS.

 RETURN AIR DUCTS - SPACE AIR IS RETURNED TO THE

AIR HANDLING UNIT / FAN

 FRESH AIR DUCT - OUT DOOR AIR IS TRANSPORTED TO

THE AIR HANDLING UNIT, OR AHU / FAN ROOM MIXING
BOX.

 EXHAUST AIR DUCT - SPACE AIR OR CONTAMINATED AIR

IS EXHAUSTED FROM SPACE, EQUIPMENT / FAN ROOM
OR LOCALIZED AREA ETC.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ELEMENTS OF DUCT ASSEMBLY
INCLUDE

1. ENVELOPE OF SHEET METAL.

2. REINFORCEMENT, SEAMS AND JOINTS.

3. DUCT SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENT.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FALSE CEILING PLENUM AS
RETURN AIR SPACE
• SUSPENDED CEILING SPACE ABOVE A ROOM, RAISED
FLOOR SPACE / CAVITY AND SHAPE WALL CAN ALL BE
USED AS A RETURN DUCT.

• THE ONLY REQUIREMENT IS THAT THE SPACE SHOULD

BE AIR TIGHT AND THEIR USE MUST COMPLY WITH
BUILDING CODES.

• MOST CODES PROHIBIT USE OF COMBUSTIBLE

MATERIAL AS A CEILING RETURN AIR PLENUM.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SUSPENDED CEILING
SPACE ABOVE
FALSE CEILING IS
SUPPLY USED AS RETURN
SLAB AIR DUCT AIR PLENIUM

FALSE
CEILING

RETURN AIR RETURN AIR

SLIT SLIT

2400

AIR CONDITIONED SPACE

FFL

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 RAISED FLOOR
SLAB SUPPLY AIR DUCT

FALSE CEILING

W AIR CONDITIONED SPACE

FLOOR SLAB OR A RAISED FLOOR-USED AS

SUPPLY AIR SPACE RETURN AIR PLENIUM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CAVITY WALL
SUPPLY DROP DOWN
SLAB AIR DUCT CEILING

CAVITY WALL / SHAPE

W W
WALL USED AS
RETURN AIR

AIR DISTRIBUTION
THE FLOW SYSTEM - WHAT CAUSES
AIR FLOW ?
THE FLOW OF AIR BETWEEN TWO ZONE ( OR SPACES)
IS DUE TO PRESSURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO
ZONES. THIS PRESSURE DIFFERENCES FORCES THE AIR
TO FLOW FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE
ZONE

CONTINUITY EQUATION
QUANTITY OF AIR Q ( M3/SEC CR CFM ) THAT WILL
FLOW IS EQUAL TO CROSS SECTON AREA. A OF DUCT
( M2/FT ) TIMES AIR VELOCITY (U, FPM OR M/SEC)

AIR DISTRIBUTION
THE AIR VELOCITY WILL CREATE A VELOCITY
PRESSURE ( INCH WG ). IT IS A MEASURE OF
KINETIC ENERGY

• VELOCITY PRESSURE IS DIRECTIONAL. IT

IS ONLY EXERTED IN DIRECTION OF AIR
FLOW

• WILL CAUSE A GRAVITY DAMPER TO OPEN

• WILL CAUSE A SAIL SWITCH (AIR FLOW

SWITCH) TO MOVE

• CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY,

OBTAINED AS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TOTAL & STATIC PRESSURE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 VELOCITY, V

AIR FLOW

VE
LO
PR CI
ES TY
SU
RE

CROSS
SECTIONAL
AREA, A
Q GRAVITY
( AIR FLOW ) DAMPER
Q = A*V

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 WHEN AIR FLOWS THROUGH A DUCT OF
CONSTANT CROSS SECTION, THE AVERAGE
VELOCITY REMAINS CONSTANT AND
PARALLEL TO CENTRE LINE OF THE DUCT

a) DUE TO FRICTION THE VELOCITY OF AIR AT

DUCT WALL IS ZERO.

• VELOCITY PRESSURE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE

• VELOCITY PRESSURE IS ZERO WHEN THERE
IS NO AIR FLOW
• VELOCITY PRESSURE CHANGES WITH
VELOCITY

AIR DISTRIBUTION
DUCT AIR VELOCITY PROFILE

MAX. AT CENTRE

AIR FLOW
MIN. AT SURFACE

VELOCITY PROFILE - AIR FLOW THRO' DUCT

ELBOW

10 H
24" W

1 H=18"
2
3
4

VELOCITY TRANSVERSE
5H ( MEASUREMENT )

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 STATIC PRESSURE

ST
AT
IC U CT
PR D
ES
SU
RE

• STATIC PRESSURE IS EXERTED IN ALL DIRECTION

REGARDLESS OF DIRECTION OF AIR FLOW
• STATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE IN A DUCT CAUSES AIR
TO FLOW AGAINST RESISTANCE FROM HIGH TO LOW
PRESSURE ZONE.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
• STATIC PRESSURE IS USED AS A MEASURE OF
RESISTANCE OF AIR FLOW.
• STATIC PRESSURE MAY EXIST IN A FLUID IN REST OR
MOTION.
• STATIC PRESSURE IS POSITIVE WHEN IT IS GREATER
THAN ATMOSPHERE OR NEGATIVE WHEN IT IS LESS THAN
ATMOSPHERE.
• TOTAL PRESSURE Pt AT ANY POINT IN AN AIR SYSTEM IS
EQUAL TO ALGEBRAIC SUM OF THE STATIC PRESSURE Ps
AND VELOCITY PRESSURE Pv.
• STATIC PRESSURE MAY BE CONVERTED TO VELOCITY
PRESSURE AND VICE VERSA.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
FAN BLOWING FAN EXHAUSTING

RESISTANCE RESISTANCE ( -VE )

PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE
( +VE )
PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
IN PRACTICE, THERE IS ALWAYS A FRICTION
LOSS AS AIR FLOWS THROUGH IT. STATIC
PRESSURE IS USED TO OVER COME THESE
FRICTIONAL LOSSES THROUGH COIL,
ELBOWS, FILTERS, FITTINGS, DUCT WALL.

THE HIGHER THE VELOCITY AND LONGER THE

DUCT WORK, THE HIGHER THE FRICTIONAL
LOSS.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AIR AT REST & AIR IN MOTION
STATIC TOTAL
PRESSURE PRESSURE
345 PA 345 PA

THROTTLING
AIR AT REST DEVICE
FAN DUCT

345 PA
97 PA

THROTTLING
AIR IN 4005 FPM DEVICE
MOTION
50% OPENED
FAN DUCT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FRICTION LESS - DUCT
FOR ALL CONSTANT AREA SECTIONS, THE TOTAL AND STATIC
PRESSURE LOSSES AND SAME.
INCREASE IN REDUCTION IN REDUCTION IN
DUCT SIZE => AIR VELOCITY => VELOCITY PR.
& STATIC PR.
INCREASES.

OR VICE VERSA
TOTAL PRESSURE ALWAYS DECREASES ALGEBRICALLY IN THE
DIRECTION OF AIR FLOW. (NEGATIVE VALUES OF RETURN OR
EXHAUST SYSTEM INCREASES IN DIRECTION OF AIR FLOW.
POSITIVE VALUE OF SUPPLY AIR SYSTEM REDUCES.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FRICTION LESS DUCT
AIR FLOOR OPEN END

TOTAL PRESSURE
( INCHES WG )

STATIC
PRESSURE
TOTAL
PRESSURE

VELOCITY ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE PRESSURE

FIG : THEORETICAL PRESSURE ANALYSIS DUCT SYSTEM

FRICTIONAL
LOSS
TOTAL
PRESSURE
STATIC
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
PRESSURE

VELOCITY ATMOSPHERE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE

ACTUAL PRESSURE ANALYSIS DUCT SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE
INTERNAL STATIC
OUTDOOR AIR PRESSURE
LOUVER

SUPPLY AIR
OUT LET

SUPPLY AIR
DUCT A/C SPACE
FILTER COIL FAN
RETURN AIR
OUT LET

RETURN AIR DUCT

EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE
= INTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE + EXTERNAL
( WITH IN THE EQUIPMENT ) STATIC PRESSURE
(EXTERNAL TO UNIT)

e.g. FILTERS, COILS, ELIMINATOR, eg. DUCTS, SUPPLY

CASING ETC. AIR / RETURN AIR
OUTLETS, DAMPERS
ETC.
THUS FANS SELECTED SHOULD BE ABLE TO
MOVE THE AIR THROUGH ENTIRE SYSTEM.
HENCE SYSTEM STATIC PERSSURE IS TO BE
CONSIDERED.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SYSTEMS STATIC PRESSURE

PRESSURE
INCREASE DUCT COIL DUCT
DUCT FILTER
+ 0.58 ( - ) 0.01 ( - ) 0.22 ( - ) 0.08
( - ) 0.08 ( - ) 0.08

AIR FLOW

SUPPLY AIR
RETURN AIR GRILLE
GRILL - ( - ) 0.03 (-) 0.08
NEGATIVE PRESSURE POSITIVE PRESSURE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
A. TOTAL FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
1. RETURN AIR GRILL - 0.03” WG
2. DUCT - 0.08
3. FILTER - 0.08
4. DUCT - 0.01
5. COIL - 0.22
6. DUCT - 0.08
7. SUPPLY AIR GRILL - 0.08
TOTAL - 0.58” WG

B. THUS PRESSURE INCREASE ACROSS FAN = 0.58” WG

SYSTEM STATIC PRESSURE REQUIRED IS 0.58” WG

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF DUCTS
BASED ON AIR VELOCITY
 LOW VELOCITY
UP TO 2500 FPM & 2 INCH STATIC PRESSURE -
NORMALLY BETWEEN 1200 - 2200 FPM - USED FOR
COMFORT JOBS.
 HIGH VELOCITY
SYSTEM - ABOVE 6” STATIC PRESSURE 6” - 10” HIGH
PRESSURE.
 ABOVE 2500 FPM - MOSTLY INDUSTRIAL. HOWEVER
VELOCITY & PRESSURE RATING ARE INTER RELATED
HIGHER THE VELOCITY  HIGHER FRICTION LOSS
 REQUIREMENT OF HIGH
PRESSURE DUCT WORK

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 RECTANGULAR VS ROUND DUCT
 FOR A SPECIFIED CROSS SECTIONAL AREA AND MEAN
AIR VELOCITY, ROUND DUCTS HAVE LESS FLUID
RESISTANCE AGAINST AIR FLOW THAN RECTANGULAR
DUCTS AND ARE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMIC.

 ROUND DUCTS HAVE BETTER RIGIDITY AND STRENGTH

 ROUND DUCT HAVE MUCH LOWER AIR LEAKAGE.

 ROUND DUCTS HAVE MUCH SMALLER RADIATED BREAK

OUT NOISE FROM THE DUCT THAN RECTANGULAR
DUCTS.

 MAIN DISADVANDAGE OF ROUND DUCTS IS THE

GREATER SPACE REQUIRED UNDER THE BEAM FOR
INSTALLATION.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DUCT TRANSVERSE JOINTS
* JOINT SPACING = COIL WIDTH BEADING

TRANSVERSE JOINT

CROSS BREAKING

CROSS BREAKING OR
A * BEADING ARE EFFECTIVE
H

INT WAYS TO DEAL WITH

JO
1. NATURAL SAG
W 2. FLEXURAL REVERSALS
3. OUT OFF FLATNESS
LONGITUDINAL SEAM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DUCT TRANSVERSE JOINTS

SEALANT

DRIVE SLIP
DETAIL - A
H=25MM

SEALANT

SEALANT
STANDING - S SEAM
DETAIL - B

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DUCT LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
PITTS BURGH LOCK BUTTON BURGH
SNAP LOCK

SEAL THIS
POCKET WITH
SEALING

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR

ALUMINIUM DUCTS

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SEAM LOCATIONS
SEAM LOCATIONS

NUMBER OF SEAMS AND LOCATION VARIES WITH JOINT TYPE, SHEET STOCK

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 BREATHING OF DUCTS
 RECTANGULAR METAL DUCTS ARE PRONE TO
RUMBLE FROM FLEXURE IN THE DUCT WALLS
DURING AHU START UP AND SHUT DOWN.
DUCT WALL SHOULD BE ADEQUATELY
STIFFENED / REIN-FORCED OR CROSS -
BRACED.
 ROUND DUCTS CAN HAVE SPIRAL OR
LONGITUDINAL SEAMS. WITH SPIRAL SEAMS
THINNER MATERIAL CAN BE USED.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 WHAT ARE FLEXIBLE DUCTS?
WHERE ARE THEY USED?
 ARE USED TO CONNECT THE MAIN DUCT WITH
TERMINAL BOXES OR DIFFUSERS.
 THEIR FLEXIBILITY AND EASE OF REMOVAL ALLOW
RELOCATION OF TERMINAL DEVICE.
 FLEXIBLE DUCTS SHOULD BE AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE
AND ITS LENGTH FULLY EXTENDED TO MINIMIZE FLOW
RESISTANCE.
 SIZES ARE FROM 2 TO 20 INCHES.
 FLEXIBLE DUCT USED SHOULD BE UL LISTED.
 LOW INSTALLATION TIME

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FLEXIBLE DUCTS

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 WHICH ARE THE STANDARDS FOR HVAC
DUCT WORK NORMALLY FOLLOWED?

1. IS - 655 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD

2. SMACNA - SHEET METAL AND AIR

CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, USA

3. DW/142/144 - SPECIFICATION FOR SHEET

METAL DUCT WORK - EUROPEAN
( UK )
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 IN DOOR AIR QUALITY AND
DUCT CONSTRUCTION
 SELECT DUCT MATERIAL SO THAT THERE ARE
NO CHANCES OF CORROSSION.

 HVAC AIR DUCTS MAY COLLECT DIRT AND

MOISTURE, WHICH CAN HARBOUR OR
TRANSPORT MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION.

 DUCTS SHOULD BE DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED

AND MAINTAINED TO MINIMIZE GROWTH &
DISSEMINATION OF MICRO ORGANISM.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 LET US RECAPTULATE
FOUR IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS ONE
SHOULD KEEP DURING DUCT SIZING & ROUTING.

1. AVAILABLE SPACE • OFFICE / HOTEL - SPACE

IS AT A PREMIUM,
INTERIORS.
• INDUSTRIAL-INTERIOR
AESTHETICS IS OF
SECONDARY IMPORTANCE.
2. SOUND LEVEL A TV STUDIO HAS A
STRINGENT SOUND
SPECIFICATION THAN A
CAFETERIA.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DUCT SIZING METHOD
 EQUAL FRICTION
 STATIC REGAIN

EQUAL FRICTION LOSS : - A SPECIFIC

FRICTION LOSS PER 100 EQUIVALENT FEET
OF DUCT IS SELECTED BEFORE THE DUCT
WORK IS LAID OUT. THIS IS MAINTAINED
THROUGH OUT THE DESIGN.

 MOST UNIVERSALLY USED FOR SUPPLY,

RETURN AND EXHAUST AIR DUCT SYSTEM
FOR LOW AND MEDIUM PRESSURE ( UP TO 4”
WG )
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AUTOMATICALLY REDUCES AIR VELOCITIES IN THE
DIRECTION OF AIR FLOW FOR SUPPLY AIR SYSTEMS.
AN IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR AIR BORNE
NOISE CONTROL. SELECTION OF INITIAL VELOCITY IS
CRUCIAL.

MAJOR DISADVANTAGE
A) THERE IS NO NATURAL PROVISION FOR EQUALISING
PRESSURE DROP IN BRANCHES WHEN LAYOUT IS NOT
SYMMETRICAL.
B) THERE IS NO PROVISION FOR PROVIDING THE SAME
STATIC PRESSURE BEHIND EACH SUPPLY OR RETURN
TERMINAL DEVICE. CONSEQUENTLY BALANCING CAN
BE DIFFICULT.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 MODIFIED EQUAL FRICTION
METHOD
 IS RECOMMENDED TO BE USED FOR NON -
SYMMETRICAL DUCT IS LAYOUTS WITH BOTH
LONG AND SHORT DUCT RUNS.

 INSTEAD OF DEPENDING ON DUCT DAMPERS

TO ARTIFICIALLY INCREASE THE PRESSURE
DROP FOR SHORT BRANCHES, HIGHER
FRICTIONAL LOSS IS CONSIDERED TO MAKE
IT SELF BALANCING.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 MODIFIED EQUAL FRICTION METHOD
BRANCH - 1 D
C

VCD
EQ. LENGTH = L1
A B
BRANCH - 2 F
E
VCD

EQ. LENGTH = L2
CENT. FAN BRANCH - 3
G H

EQ. LENGTH = L3

AIR DISTRIBUTION
A. L3>L2>L1

B. BASED ON TOTAL AIR QTY. AT DUCT SECTION AB,

& VELOCITY OF 1500 - 1600 FPM, A FRICTION
RATE/100FT IS SELECTED. SAY Z FT/100 FT.

C. FRICTION LOSS - BRANCH - 1 = L1x Z/100 = PA-D

BRANCH - 2 = L2 x Z/100 = PA-F

BRANCH-3 = L3 x Z/100 = PA-H

AIR DISTRIBUTION
D. FAN STATIC PRESSURE IS SELECTED BASED ON
HIGHEST PRESSURE REQUIREMENT.
E. SINCE PA-H > PA-F > PA-D : AIR BALANCING
WILL BE A PROBLEM

SOLUTION
a) PROVIDE VOLUME CONTROL DAMPERS ( VCD ) ON
SHORTER BRANCHES I.e BRANCH-1 & BRANCH - 2
b) A HIGHER FRICTION RATE CAN BE SELECTED FOR
SHORTER BRANCHES, NAMELY BRANCH 1 &2.
HOWEVER TAKE CARE VELOCITY IS NOT TOO
HIGH.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ROLASTAR COMPUTERISED
DUCTING SYSTEMS

• SUPERIOR
QUALITY
• TIME SAVING
• MONEY SAVING
• STATE-OF-ART
CAD/CAM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SPECIAL FEATURES OF
ROLASTAR

PLASMA CUTTER AUTO FOLDER

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PROVISION FOR AIR BALANCING
FOR SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE, AIR
SHOULD BE SUPPLIED BASED ON CALCULATED
THERMAL LOAD. AS PER LAW OF NATURE, THE
AIR ALWAYS TAKES THE LEAST PATH OF
RESISTANCE. SELDOM DUCT SIZE IS SELF
BALANCED. PROVIDE DAMPERS FOR AIR
BALANCING.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AIR BALANCING
SUPPLY AIR
PLENIUM

TERMINAL
UNITS

SUPPLY
AIR

SUPPLY
AIR

:- VCD

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 BUTTERFLY
SPLITER DAMPER
DAMPER

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 VOLUME CONTROL DAMPER

SINGLE BLADE MULTI BLADE

A. BUTTERFLY DAMPER
FOR SMALL DUCTS
B. SPLITTER DAMPER ( ONLY FOR
DIRECTION CONTROL)

OPPOSSED PARALLEL
BLADE BLADE
A. AEROFOIL SECTION
B. PLAIN

AIR DISTRIBUTION
VOLUME CONTROL DAMPER

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PARALLEL BLADE - DIVERTING FLOW &
OPPOSSED BLADE - NON DIVERTING FLOW

NOT TO BE USED
BEFORE ANY COIL,
BRANCH TAKE OFF,
AIR WASHER
FILTERS ETC.

AIR IS DIRECTED
TOWARDS DUCT WALL

CAN BE USED
BEFORE COILS,
FILTERS,
AIR WASHER ETC.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN OUTLET DAMPER

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN OUTLET DAMPER - AS PER AMCA , BLADE
SHOULD BE PERPENDICULAR TO SHAFT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FIRE & SMOKE DAMPERS
 SINCE HVAC DUCTS PENETRATE THROUGH
BUILDING MEMBRANES ( WALL, FLOORS ) IT
CAUSES RAPID TRANSPORT OF FIRE AND
SMOKE FROM SOURCE TO ALL OTHER
ADJACENT AREAS CAUSING DANGER OF LIFE
& PROPERTY.

 USE OF FIRE FRIENDLY (COMBUSTIBLE OR

PARTIALLY COMBUSTIBLE) BUILDING &
INSULATING / LINING MATERIAL
AGGRAVATE THE SITUATION FURTHER.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 WHAT IS A FIRE / SMOKE DAMPER ?
 IT IS A DEVICE INSTALLED IN AN AIR
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM THAT IS DESIGNED
TO CLOSE AUTOMATICALLY ON DETECTION
OF HEAT / SMOKE TO INTERRUPT AIR FLOW
AND TO RESTRICT PASSAGE OF FLAME OR
SMOKE.

 SINCE FIRE SPREADS FROM ONE

COMPARTMENT TO OTHER THRO HVAC DUCTS,
FIRE DAMPERS ARE INSTALLED IN THE PLANE
OF THE FIRE WALL TO PROTECT THESE
OPENINGS. OPENINGS ARE THE WEAK LINK
IN THE FIRE RATED COMPARTMENT.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
LOUVER TYPE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 DUCTS TO BE CONFINED TO EACH FLOOR
SUCH THAT EVERY FLOOR HAS ITS
DEDICATED AHU.
 FIRE CUM SMOKE DAMPER TO BE INSTALLED
IN DUCT AT EACH PENETRATION & FIRE WALL
e.g. FOR BOTH SUPPLY & RETURN AIR.
 RETURN AIR IS BETTER IF DUCTED OR ELSE
PROVIDE DAMPER AT EACH PENETRATION OF
FIRE WALL.
 DO NOT USE EGRESS PATH / CORRIDOR AS
RETURN AIR PLENUM AS THEY ASSIST IN
SPREAD OF SMOKE AND OTHER
CONTAMINANTS.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FIRE RATED DOORS TO BE PROVIDED IN
EQUIPMENT / AHU ROOMS.

 LOCATE AHU ROOM FAR AWAY FROM

POSSIBLE FIRE SOURCE (PANTRY/KITCHEN )

 ANNULAR SPACE AROUND UTILITY

PENETRATION TO BE SEALED WITH FIRE
RATED MATERIAL.

 BOTH STAIR CASE & LIFT WELL SHOULD BE

PRESSURIZED SO THAT IT IS SMOKE FREE
FOR SOME TIME.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SMOKE PURGING / EXHAUST

 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE MANDATES TO

EXHAUST AIR FROM BASEMENT AT THE RATE
OF 30 AIR CHANGE PER HR DURING FIRE.

 SIMILARLY ATTRIUM IN MALLS ETC SHOULD

BE PROVIDED WITH SMOKE PURGING
ARRANGEMENT.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 IN THE EVENT OF FIRE SOME
ACTIONS ARE
THE CONTROL SIGNAL IS TAKEN FROM
BUILDING FIRE ALARM PANEL.

 FIRE / SMOKE DAMPER CLOSES.

 AHU FANS TRIP - AIR FLOW IS STOPPED.
 BASEMENT SMOKE EXHAUST FANS STARTS
EXHAUSTING.
 STAIR CASE PRESSURIZATION FANS STARTS.
 LIFT WELL PRESSURIZATION FANS STARTS.
 ATTRIUM FANS STARTS EXHAUSTING.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AIR HANDLING UNIT
IS AN EQUIPMENT WHERE AIR IS HEATED OR COOLED
AND DEHUMIDIFIED OR HUMIDIFIED AND
ADEQUATELY FILTERED FOR PARTICULATE/GASEOUS
CONTAMINATION BEFORE BEING CIRCULATED TO
OCCUPIED SPACES.

 HEAT & MASS TRANSFER - BETWEEN AIR & WATER

BETWEEN AIR & REFRI.
 BETWEEN AIR & WATER SPARY.
 FILTRATION OF AIR.
 ENERGY IS ADDED BY A FAN TO OFFSET TERMINAL &
DUCT FRICTION LOSSES.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AIR HANDLING UNIT

CENTRAL UNITARY

• CUSTOM BUILT • PACKAGED & COMPACT

• STANDARD PRODUCT EQUIPMENT
• CLOSE CONTROL OF • FOR STANDARD COMFORT
TEMP. & HUMIDITY APPLICATION
• FACTORY ASSEMBLED

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 COMPONENTS OF A CENTRAL AIR
HANDLING STATION
 MIXING BOX
 PREFILTER SECTION AND FILTERS.
 PRE HEAT COIL SECTION - HOT WATER/
STEAM
 COOLING COIL SECTION & COOLING COIL
 SPARY SECTION & ELIMINATOR SECTION/
WETTED MEDIA PADS.
 REHEAT COIL SECTION, HOT WATER / STEAM.
 HUMIDIFIER SECTION, SPRAY / PAN
HUMIDIFIER/ WETTED MEDIA.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FINE FILTER SECTION
 HEPA FILTER SECTION
 SUPPLY AIR FAN SECTION
 RETURN AIR FAN SECTION
 HEAT RECOVERY DEVICES, HRW ( WHEEL )
 FACE AND BY PASS DAMPER SECTION.

DEPENDING ON APPLICATION, AHU WILL

HAVE SOME OR ALL IN VARIOUS
COMBINATION SO THAT THE DESIGNED
PROCESS IS MET.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT

 HORIZONTAL / VERTICAL FLOOR MOUNTED

 SINGLE ZONE

 MULTI ZONE

 DRAW THROUGH

 BLOW THROUGH

AIR DISTRIBUTION
DRAW / BLOW THRO’ ARRANGEMENT
COIL COIL
FAN FAN

DRAW THROUGH - UNIFORM AIR BLOW THROUGH - UN UNIFORM

FLOW OVER COIL FACE AIR FLOW OVER COIL FACE

L
COIL
FAN
1. PROVIDE BAFFLE PLATE
WITH 50% PERFORATION
2. BAFFLE AREA SHOULD
BE FOUR TIMES
FAN OUTLET AREA
2/3 x L

BELOW THROUGH CASING LENGTH

IS LONGER THAN DRAW THROUGH

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 PRE COOLING
FILTER COIL FAN

SINGLE ZONE UNIT

• SINGLE ZONE UNITS ARE NORMALLY DRAW THROUGH -
MOST COMMONLY USED FOR APPLICATION WITH
NEARLY CONSTANT AND UNIFORM VARYING LOAD.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ZONE - 2
HEATING
PRE COIL
FILTER

FAN
ZONE - 3 ZONE - 1
COOLING
COIL

MULTI - ZONE UNIT

• USED FOR MULTI ROOM APPLICATIONS WITH
VARYING LOADS. EACH ZONE IS SERVED BY BOTH HOT
& COLD DUCT & AIR IS MIXED AT TERMINAL.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AHU CONSTRUCTION

 SINGLE SKIN

 DOUBLE SKIN

 SINGLE TIER

 DOUBLE TIER

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SINGLE TIER ARRANGEMENT

FA

(-) (+)

FA

MIXING COOLING HEATING HUMIDIFIER FAN DIFFUSER FINE EMPTY

BOX COIL COIL SECTION FILTER PLENIUM
SECTION
UNIT LENGTH

SINGLE TIER ARRANGEMENT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 TWO TIER ARRANGEMENT
HEPA FINE SUPPLY AIR
FILTER FILTER PLENIUM

FRESH
AIR

MIXING BOX COOLING HEATING FAN

WITH PRE SECTION
FILTER
TWO TIER ARRANGEMENT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 UNITARY AHU
 FLOOR MOUNTED  CEILING SUSPENDED

• UNITS ARE DESIGNED FOR STANDARD

PARAMETERS CFM /TR, SHR, ( FOR COMFORT )
AND LOW EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE ( NOT
TOO LONG DUCT WORK OR NOT SUITABLE FOR
FINE/HEPA FILTERS.)
• UNITS ARE VERY COMPACT. LOW HEIGHT AND
GOOD FOR NORMAL COMFORT JOBS.
• STANDARD UNITS HAVE FAN,COIL & PRE FILTER
ONLY. THEY ARE FACTORY PRE PACKAGED.
• LARGE UNITS ARE WITH MULTIPLE FANS,LOW
STARTING IN RUSH AND ARE OF SINGLE PHASE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SINGLE SKIN CONSTRUCTION
 UNIT CASING IS GENERALLY FABRICATED
FROM HEAVY GAUGE GI SHEET.
 FANS ARE FORWARD CURVED, SINGLE OR TWIN
MOUNTED ON A COMMON SHAFT. MOTOR IS
EITHER OUT SIDE OR INSIDE THE CASING.
 CASING PANELS ( FAN & COIL ) ARE
THERMALLY INSULATED FOR AVOIDING HEAT
GAIN & SWEATING DOWN STREAM OF COIL.
 FACE & BYPASS DAMPER CAN BE EITHER
INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL.
 CONSTRUCTION IS GENERALLY OF COMPOSITE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
SINGLE SKIN AHU

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DOUBLE SKIN
 STRUCTURE CAN BE COMPOSITE OR
MODULAR TYPE. IN MODULAR TYPE
SECTIONS CAN BE ISOLATED AND RE
ARRANGED. HOWEVER IT IS EXPENSIVE.

 FRAME WORK IS FABRICATED FROM

ALUMINIUM EXTRUSION.

 CASING PANELS ARE SANDWITCHED TYPE,

THERMALLY INSULATED WITH PUF INJECTED
BETWEEN INNER AND OUTER GI SHEET SKIN.

 FAN AND MOTOR IS INSIDE THE CASING.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SOUND POWER LEVEL OUT SIDE THE CASING
IS LOW SINCE MOTOR IS INSIDE AND
CASING PANELS ARE HEAVIER IN MASS.

 CLEANING OF INTERNAL PANEL IS MUCH

SIMPLER, BETTER IAQ POSSIBLE. ALL
SECTIONS ARE ACCESSIBLE.

 FACE & BY PASS DAMPER HAS TO BE

INTERNAL TYPE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
DOUBLE SKIN-HORIZONTAL

AIR DISTRIBUTION
DOUBLE SKIN-CEILING SUSPENDED

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 WHAT IS FACE & BYPASS DAMPER ?
BYPASS COOLING COIL

FACE
FILTER FAN
DAMPER

INTERNAL FACE & BY PASS

 USED TO INCREASE ROOM AIR CIRCULATION TO PREVENT

STAGNATION.

 TO CONTROL LEAVING AIR TEMP., IT HELPS TO BYPASS

SOME AIR WITH OUR PASSING IT THROUGH COIL AND
PROVIDE INTERNAL REHEATING. HOWEVER MOISTURE LEVEL
INCREASES.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS - FACE &
BYPASS DAMPER
• FIXED AIR
BYPASS :
CLEAN ROOM -
WHERE MORE
NUMBER OF
AIR CHANGES

GRAIN / LB
IS REQUIRED
TO MAINTAIN
TOA CLASS
CONDITIONS.
TMIX
• MODULATING
T ADP TROOM
TMIX AIR BYPASS :
AFTER BYPASS WITH DX
SYSTEM

DBT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FAN FUNDAMENTALS
A FAN IS A VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT DEVICE USED
TO PROVIDE FLOW OF AIR. IT CONSISTS OF A
ROTATING IMPELLER AND A HOUSING CALLED THE
SCROLL . IT IS MEASURED BY INCREASE IN TOTAL
PRESSURE. A FAN CONVERTS ROTATONAL MECH.
ENERGY TO AIR ENERGY.

TYPES OF FANS

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL FAN

FORWARD CURVED PROPELLER

BACKWARD CURVED TUBE AXIAL

AEROFOIL VANE AXIAL

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FOR AIR HANDLING UNITS MOSTLY
CENTRIFUGAL FANS ARE USED

IN ALL ABOVE CASES IT IS THE BLADE INCLINATION

BASED ON WHICH CENTRIFUGAL FANS ARE
CLASSIFIED
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ROTATION

AEROFOIL

ROTATION ROTATION

FORWARD CURVED BACKWARD CURVED

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FAN APPLICATION

 WHEN A DUCT SYSTEM IS NEEDED.

CENTRIFUGAL,VANE AXIAL, OR TUBE AXIAL
FAN IS USED.

 WHEN THERE IS NO DUCT SYSTEM - OR

LITTLE OR NO RESISTANCE -PROPELLER FAN
SHOULD BE USED.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CENTRIFUGAL FAN
FLOW OF AIR IS RADIAL, AIR TURNS BY 900

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AXIAL FLOW
FLOW OF AIR IS AXIAL, EASY FOR DUCT
CONNECTION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 CLEARANCE

HUB DIAMETER
IMPELLER DIA

MOTOR

CLEARANCE FAN CASING

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PARALLEL AXIAL FLOW FAN

AIR DISTRIBUTION
CENTRIFUGAL SINGLE INLET, SINGLE WIDTH
(BASED ON NO.
OF INLETS DOUBLE INLET, DOUBLE WIDTH

SISW, FAN DIDW, FAN

OUTLET OUTLET

INLET INLET

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SISW vs DIDW
 MOSTLY DIDW FANS ARE USED IN AIR
HANDLING UNITS.

 FOR THE SAME CAPACITY, SISW FAN IS

ABOUT 30% TALLER BUT ONLY 70% AS
WIDE AS DIDW FAN.

 DIDW FANS CAN ONLY BE INSTALLED WITH

IN FAN ROOMS OR WITH IN PLENUMS.

 DIDW FANS GIVE TWICE THE VOLUME OF

SIMILAR SINGLE INLET FANS OF THE SAME
WHEEL DIAMETER & SPEED.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
CETRIFUGAL FAN COMPONENTS

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 PERFORMANCE

 FAN IS A CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT DEVICE.

IT WILL MOVE SAME VOLUME OF AIR
REGARDLESS OF DENSITY.

 HOWEVER MASS FLOW RATE WILL BE

DIFFERENT AS FANS ARE RATED AT
STANDARD CONDITIONS i.e. AT 70OF &
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE OF 29.92” Hg.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
Q,CFM RPM SP AMBIENT TEM. DENSITY
& PRESSURE LB/CUFT

5000 N 1.0” WG 70OF /29.92” 0.075

5000 N 0.8” WG 200OF 0.06

SINCE THE DENSITY IS LOW AT 2000F, BHP WILL ALSO

REDUCE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE. SIMILARLY THE STATIC
PRESSURE WILL ALSO CHANGE.

 HORSE POWER VARIES DIRECTLY AS DENSITY OF AIR.

 STATIC PRESSURE VARIES DIRECTLY AS DENSITY OF
AIR.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FORWARD CURVED FAN
A. OPERATING RANGE : 30% TO 80% OF WIDE OPEN
VOLUME

B. HORSE POWER CURVE : OVER LOADING TYPE,MOTOR

SHOULD BE SELECTED
ACCORDINGLY

C. APPLICATION : LOW COST, SLOW SPEED, HIGH

VOLUME AT LOW STATIC PR.

D. GOOD SELECTION ZONE : SLIGHTLY TO RIGHT OF PEAK

E. SURGE ZONE : LEFT OF PEAK, FAN SHOULD NOT

BE SELECTED

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FORWARD CURVED FAN

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 BACKWARD CURVED FANS
A. OPERATING RANGE : 40% TO 85% OF WIDE OPEN
VOLUME

B. HORSE POWER CURVE : NON OVELOADING TYPE

C. APPLICATION : HIGH PRESSURE APPLICATION

OR WHERE STATIC PRESSURE
CAN VARY LIKE CHOKING OF
FILTERS

D. UNSTABLE OPERATION NEAR BLOCK TIGHT STATIC PRESSURE

E. THESE FANS ARE MORE EFFICIENT

F. PRESSURE CURVE IS STEEPER THAN FORWARD CURVE FAN.

SMALL VARIATION IN AIR FLOW FOR CHANGES IN STATIC
PRESSURE.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
BACKWARD CURVED FANS

AIR DISTRIBUTION
BACKWARD vs FORWARD CURVE
 BACKWARD CURVED FANS HAVE HIGHER SPEED.
 HIGH STATIC EFFICIENCY & HENCE LOWER NOISE
LEVEL AND POWER CONSUMPTION.
 MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIRES CLOSE CLEARANCE
AND ALIGNMENT BETWEEN WHEEL & AIR INLET.
 CONSTRUCTION IS MORE STURDY, WELDED IMPELLER.
SHAFT & BEARINGS IS HEAVY.

HOWEVER FOR A GIVEN DUTY, FORWARD CURVED WHEEL

IS THE SMALLEST OF ALL CENTRIFUGAL TYPES AND
OPERATE AT LOWEST SPEED. IT IS ALSO THE CHEAPEST
 AEROFOIL FAN IS THE MOST EFFICIENT OF ALL.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 MEASUREMENT OF FAN STATIC
PRESSURE
FAN TP = TP2 - TP1
OR

FAN SP = TP2 - TP1 - VP2

OR

FAN SP = TP2 - TP1 - TP2 - SP2

OR
FAN STATIC PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE AT
OUTLET - TOTAL
PRESSURE AT INLET
AIR DISTRIBUTION
MEASUREMENT OF FAN STATIC PRESSURE
FAN INLET FAN OUTLET

OUT LET
2 DUCT

STATIC TUBE

IMPACT
TUBE FAN STATIC
1 PRESSURE

INLET DUCT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PERFORMANCE - FORWARD CURVE

 BLOCKED TIGHT STATIC PRESSURE IS THE

MAXIMUM STATIC PRESSURE AT A GIVEN
RPM.
 FLOW RATE IS ZERO AT BLOCK TIGHT STATIC
PRESSURE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SAFETY MARGIN

BLOCKED SURGE
TIGHT ZONE
STATIC
PRESSURE
100%
GOOD SELECTION
AREA
STATIC PRESSURE/BHP/

STATIC
EFFICIENCY
STATIC EFFICIENCY

BHP

STATIC
PRESSURE

FREE DELIVERY
OR WIDE
OPEN CFM
0%
100%
VOLUME FLOW RATE

PERFORMANCE CURVE - FORWARD CURVED

FOR A GIVEN DIAMETER AND GIVEN RPM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PERFORMANCE - BACKWARD CURVE
UNSTABLE
ZONE

STATIC

STATIC PRESSURE, EFFICIENCY,

PRESSURE

EFFICIENCY
HORSE POWER

BHP

VOLUME FLOW RATE

PERFORMANCE CURVE -
BACKWARD CURVED FAN

 BHP CURVE PEAKS AN AGAIN DIPS - NON OVER

LOADING CHARECTERISTICS.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SYSTEM RESISTANCE CURVE
AS DESIGNED = 0A
CHANGES BECAUSE OF OTHER
SYSTEM EFFECTS = 0B
B

SP = 4" A
2

STATIC
PRESSURE

INCHES 1"
WG

0 1000 2000

AIR FLOW RATE, CFM

SYSTEM RESISTANCE IS THE SUM TOTAL OF THE PRESSURE

LOSSES THRO’ FILTERS, COILS, DAMPERS, DUCT WORK,
GRILLES / DIFFUSER, SOUND ATTENUATORS ETC.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 PRESSURE LOSS 
(AIR FLOW RATE)2

THIS CURVE CHANGES AS FILTERS LOAD

WITH DIRT, COILS START CONDENSING
MOISTURE, DAMPERS CHANGE POSITION ETC.

SP2 / SP1 = (CFM2 / CFM1 )2

KNOWING POINT ‘A’ ( DESIGN ) THE CURVE

CAN BE DERIVED USING ABOVE RELATION.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN - SYSTEM CURVE INTERACTION
• THE POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THE SYSTEM
CURVE AND FAN PERFORMANCE CURVE
DETERMINE THE POINT OF OPERATION.

 DO NOT OVER ESTIMATE AND PROVIDE

SAFETIES ON STATIC PRESSURE. OVER DESIGN
WILL ACTUALLY DELIVER MORE AIR &
CONSUME MORE POWER. IT WILL RESULT IN
TO NOISY GRILLES, MOISTURE CARRY OVER.

 DO NOT OVER SIZE THE FAN AS IT WILL BE

OPERATING NEAR THE UNSTABLE ZONE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 THE LEFT HUMP WILL ONLY
DUCT SYSTEM B
MAKE THE FAN UNSTABLE
FAN CURVE IF LITTLE THROTTLING
IS DONE

B
DUCT SYSTEM A
A

DUCT SYSTEM C
DESIGN C
SP

RPM, N ( CONSTANT )

B A C
DESIGN CFM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SOME EXAMPLES
 IN CLEAN ROOM JOBS WITH PRE, FINE &
HEPA FILTERS, INITIALLY ALL FILTERS ARE
CLEAN. FAN IS SELECTED BASED ON CLOGGED
FILTERS. HOWEVER INITIALLY FILTERS ARE
CLEAN. THUS FAN DELIVERS MORE AIR AND
CONSUME MORE POWER.

IF IT IS FORWARD CURVED FAN , MOTOR

WILL GET OVER LOADED. IT IS BETTER TO
PROVIDE BACKWARD CURVED FAN AND SIZE
THE MOTOR BASED ON LIMIT LOAD.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 AHU FAN IS SELECTED FOR WET COIL
CONDITIONS . HENCE DURING WINTER (DRY
COIL OPERATION) AIR FLOW RATE AND
CURRENT DRAWN WILL BE MORE.
 COOLING TOWER FAN WILL CONSUME MORE
POWER IF TOWER IS RUN WITHOUT WATER
FLOW THRO FILLS.
 IF BY PASS DAMPER OF AHU IS IN OPEN
POSITION OR NOT SIZED PROPERLY, AIR
FLOW RATE WILL INCREASE.

 IF AHU FAN ACCESS DOOR IS KEPT OPEN ,

FAN WILL DRAW MORE CURRENT SINCE IT
WILL DELIVER MORE AIR.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN - SYSTEM CURVE INTERACTION
HIGHER SPEED POINT A DESIGN POINT
-
POINT B SAME CFM AT HIGHER STATIC
FAN CURVE AT - PRESSURE AT HIGHER SPEED
DESIGN SPEED
1.1N ( 33% HIGHER POWER )
B
POINT C SAME CFM AT LOWER STATIC
LOWER SPEED PRESSURE AT LOWER SPEED
DESIGN 0.9 N ( 33% LOWER POWER )
B'
PRESSURE A ( DESIGN POINT )

DECREASE IN C'
RESISTANCE

C
SYSTEM
RESISTANCE 1.1 N
STATIC CURVE
PRESSURE N
DIAMETER D,
0.9 N RPM N
B' A C'

DESIGN CFM
VOLUME FLOW RATE, CFM

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FAN LAWS

RPM 1

SE
EA ED
PRESSURE

C SPE
R
IN N
STATIC

RPM 2
I

RPM 3

CFM

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CFM, STATIC PRESSURE,

HORSE POWER, SIZE, TIP SPEED, AIR DENSITY FOR
GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR FANS
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FAN LAWS
 AIR QUANTITY DIRECTLY VARIES WITH SPEED
CFM1 / CFM2 = RPM1 / RPM2

 STATIC PRESSURE VARIES AS SQUARE OF SPEED.

SP1 / SP2 = (RPM1 / RPM2)2

 POWER VARIES AS CUBE OF SPEED.

BHP1 / BHP2 = (RPM1 / RPM2)3

“ IF SPEED IS DOUBLED , AIR QUANTITY

BECOMES TWICE, HOWEVER POWER
INCREASES BY EIGHT TIMES. “

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 EFFECTIVE OF FAN WHEEL
DIAMETER, CONSTANT RPM

 CFM  ( DIAMETER )3

 STATIC PRESSURE  ( DIAMETER )2

 BHP  ( DIAMETER )2

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 EFFECTIVE OF DENSITY ,
CONSTANT RPM

 CFM1 = CFM2

 SP1 / SP2 = D1 / D2

 BHP1 / BHP2 = D1 / D2

FAN IS A CONSTANT VOLUME MACHINE . BOTH

STATIC PRESSURE AND POWER CONSUMPTION
VARIES DIRECTLY WITH DENSITY OF AIR.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN ARRANGEMENT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN ARRANGEMENT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
LOCATION OF ELBOW AT FAN OUTLET

AIR DISTRIBUTION
INCORRECT LOCATION OF ELBOW

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN OUTLET DAMPER - AS PER AMCA ,
BLADE SHOULD BE PERPENDICULAR TO
SHAFT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 ROTATION & ARRANGEMENT
 AS SEEN FROM THE DRIVE END. FOR SISW ,
IT IS SIDE OPPOSITE TO INLET.

 SISW FANS ARE AVAILABLE IN BOTH

ARRANGEMENT I & III.

 DWDI FAN ARE ALWAYS WITH ARRANGEMET

III.

 IN ARRANGEMENT 1, BEARING IS OUT OF AIR

STREAM. IT IS MORE EXPENSIVE AND ALSO
IT TAKES MORE SPACE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
MOTOR LOCATION AS PER AMCA

MOTORS

Z W

Y X

MOTOR LOCATIONS AS SEEN FACING THE DRIVE SIDE

OF THE BLOWER. IT IS INDEPENDENT OF DISCHARGE
AND ROTATION.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN ROTATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
CENTRIFUGAL FAN - CORRECT ROTATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AXIAL FLOW FAN - CORRECT ROTATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
WRONG DUCT CONNECTION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
WRONG DUCT CONNECTION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN CONSTRUCTION & ARRANGEMENT
 AMCA STANDARD 99 HAS ESTABILISHED
STANDARDS FOR FAN SIZE & CLASSIFICATION.

 SIZE STANDARD SPECIFIES THE DIAMETER OF

IMPELLER.

 OLD CLASSIFICATION
CLASS - I 3 3/4” TOTAL PRESSURE
CLASS - II 6 3/4” TOTAL PRESSURE
CLASS - III 12 1/4” TOTAL PRESSURE
CLASS - IV ABOVE 12 1/4” TOTAL PRESSURE

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 HIGHER THE CLASS OF FAN, MORE STURDY IS
THE FAN CONSTRUCTION & THUS EXPENSIVE.

 FOR COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING JOBS

CLASS I FAN IS ADEQUATE. FOR CLEAN
ROOM, HOSPITAL APPLICATIONS CLASS II
FAN SHOULD BE USED.

 AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE , AND AT SAME

STATIC PRESSURE THE FAN HAS TO RUN AT
HIGHER SPEED. THUS THE MECHANICAL
STRENGHT OF THE FAN HAS TO BE
INCREASED. HENCE EXPENSIVE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 FAN - CLASS OF CONSTRUCTION

• NEW CLASSIFICATION ASSOCIATES OUTLET VELOCITY

WITH STATIC PRESSURE.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
PLENUM OR PLUG FAN

AIR DISTRIBUTION
MOISTURE ELIMINATOR USED IN AHU

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AIR DISTRIBUTION
AIR DISTRIBUTION
FAN COIL UNIT

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 THERMAL INSULATION
• REDUCES HEAT LOSS.

• CONTROLS SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR

PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL.

• REDUCES HEAT GAIN.

• PREVENTS CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE ON

PIPE AND DUCT SURFACE, IF SURFACE
TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN DEW POINT
TEMPERATURE.

• SAVES ENERGY.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 INSULATION TYPES
INORGANIC

• FIBROUS , CELLULAR MATERIAL , SUCH AS

GLASS , ROCK OR SLAG WOOL WITH
SUITABLE BINDER.
FIBRE GLASS AND ROCK WOOL

ORGANIC
• CELLULAR MATERIAL LIKE FOAMED RUBBER ,
EXPANDED POLYSTRENE (THERMOCOLE) AND
POLYURETHANE FOAM.
AIR DISTRIBUTION
FIBRE GLASS INSULATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
AIR DISTRIBUTION
 SELECTION CRITERIA

• LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.

• LOW VAPOUR PERMEABILITY.
• ACCOUSTIC ENERGY ABSORPTION.
• FIRE RESISTANT.
• EASE OF APPLICATION.
• HEALTH FRIENDLY.
• TYPE OF APPLICATION.
• EFFECT OF ULTRA VIOLET RAYS.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
COMPARISION OF VARIOUS TYPES

AIR DISTRIBUTION
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

AIR DISTRIBUTION
VAPOUR PERMEABILITY

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 APPLICATION
• SUPPLY AIR DUCTS CARRYING COLD AIR
FROM AIR HANDLING UNIT.

• CHILLED /HOT WATER PIPES DISTRIBUTING

CHILLED /HOT WATER TO AHU/TERMINALS.

• INSULATION OF EXPOSED ROOF TO REDUCE

HEAT GAIN TO SPACE.

• REDUCE TEMPERATURE FLUCTATION WITH IN

SPACE.

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 DUCT
INSULATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
PIPE INSULATION

AIR DISTRIBUTION
INSULATION OVER FALSE CEILING

AIR DISTRIBUTION
UNDER DECK INSULATION OF
EXPOSED ROOF

AIR DISTRIBUTION
 THANK
YOU

AIR DISTRIBUTION