Management

Information system
 Information as a Resource

Money People Facilities Material Method

Information

Input Processing output

Feedback control
 MIS is a combination of human and computer
based resources that results in collection,
storage, retrieval, communication and use of
data for efficient management

 MIS is an integrated man-machine system that

provides information to support the planning and
control functions of managers in an organization.
 Management

 Information

 System
 System

What is a Computer?

An Electronic Device that

stores, retrieves and
processes data and can be
programmed with
instructions.

A computer is composed of
hardware and software and
can exist in a variety of sizes
and configurations.
 Advantages
 Speed – A computer’s processing time is
measured in millionths of a second

 Reliability – The electronic components are

dependable.

 Accuracy – If data is entered correctly,

computers generate error-free results.

 Storage – Computers can store and retrieve

unlimited amounts of data and information.

 Communications – Computers can

communicate and share resources with
other computers.
Computer Hardware and Software

# The term hardware refers to the

physical components of your
computer such as system unit,
motherboard, mouse , keyboard
etc.

# The software is the instructions

that makes a computer work.
Software is either held on your
computer’s hard disk, CD-ROM or
is loaded from the disk into the
computer’s RAM, as and when
required.
Components of a system

These are of basically of four types:-

 INPUT DEVICES
 STORAGE

 CPU

 OUTPUT DEVICES
 Storage Device

SECONDARY
STORAGE

Data Input Unit Output Unit Information

PRIMARY
STORAGE

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMATIC
LOGICAL UNIT

CPU
Basic data representation
Data are usually represented in a
computer by using the numbers,
alphabets, symbols, graphs and images.

However, computer can understand data

by strings of binary digits or bits.

A bit is smallest unit of data in a computer

 A bit is represented by 0 and 1.

 8 bits= 1 byte, represents each character in a computer.

 A character occupies 1 byte space.

 A numeric occupies 2 byte space.

 Byte is the space occupied in the memory.

 The size of the primary storage is specified in KB
(Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte).

 One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to

1000KB.

 The size of the primary storage in a typical PC usually

starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB
memory are quite common.
 Input units

• Used to accept data and

Instructions from the User.

• This work is done with the help of

Input Devices.
TYPES

1. KEYBOARD
2. MOUSE
3. TRACKBALL
4. JOYSTICK
5. LIGHTPEN
6. OPTICAL MARK READERS
7. OPTICAL CHARACTER READERS
8. BARCODE READERS
9. MICROPHONE
KEYBOARD
MOUSE

TRACKBALL

JOYSTICK
 These are capable
of recognizing a
prescribed type of
mark made by pen
or pencil. These
are used in
checking OMR
sheets.
 Bar-code reading is
performed by laser
beam scanner
which is linked to a
computer. The
laser beam is
stroked across the
pattern of bits that
is recorded as
input data.
Storage devices

 Primary storage – RAM, ROM

 Secondary storage
Pen-drives
Hard disk
optical disk
 Output - types
 Soft-copy output : They are not on
paper or some material that can be
carried for being shown to others.

 Hard-copy output : They produced on

paper or some other material and they
can be carried for being shown to
others.
 Output devices

 Monitors

 Printers

 Screen image projector

 Voice response system
 Types of computers
 Supercomputers- they are the largest
computers, most powerful, most expensive,
and the fastest.
 Can process trillions of instructions per second
 Users are- national weather services, National
defense agency etc.
 Examples are- CRAY YMP, CRAY XMP, PARAM
 As of May 2010, the Cray Jaguar is the fastest
supercomputer in the world.
world
Colombia Cray Jaguar
Supercomputers

Processor board of a CRAY YMP

IBM super computer
 Mainframes
 Large computers are called mainframes and
processes the data in a very high speed measured
in millions of instructions per second
 They are designed for multiple users and process
vast amount of data quickly.

 Banks, insurance companies, airlines are typical

users.
 Main frames are often “Servers”- computers that
controls networks of computers
IBM 704 Mainframe

Mainframe
 Micro computers- Personal computers
 Work stations
 Laptop, palmtops

Work stations

 Tablet PCs
 Handheld computers

Tablet PCs
Computer software

The generic term for computer programs

(or instructions) is ‘software’. Software is
in two forms
System software

Application software
 System software- it consists of programs that
control the operations of computer system
itself.

 It includes functions like managing memory,

loading, storing and is an interface between
the application programs and computer

 MSDOS, UNIX are few examples.

 Types of system software
1. Operating system

2. File management/ system

development software
3. Translators

4. Utilities/Tools
 Operating system- makes the computer user-
friendly
1. The OS is a group of system programmes that
help in the operation of a computer by telling
the computer how to interpret commands,
process the inputs and outputs and manage
data.

2. It is designed to support the activities of

computer installation

3. Its primary objective is to improve the

performance and efficiency
 The functions performed by OS are:

1. Essential function- storage management and

processor management.

2. Monitoring function- system performance information

3. Service function- i.e, it enhances the facilities

provided to users.
 File management/ System development
software
1. These are the programming languages used to
write computer instructions.

2. More than 200 languages have been developed.

Ex- BASIC(Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code), COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, Visual
basics and Fortran ( Formula Translation)
 Languages include- Machine level
language, assembly level language,
high level language, very high level
language.
 Translators-
1. CPU cannot execute High-level language
directly, rather another computer programme
(in machine language), executes

2. Translators either compiles or interprets high

programmes, such system software are
called language translators.
 Translators take the inputs as source code and
produces after translation the equivalent machine
language programme called object code.

 Translators can be broadly classifies into 2 types

1. Compilers
2. interpreters

High level language machine language

(Input) (Output)

Translator
 Utilities/tools
To develop large application there is lot of
work involved including writing code. Hence
the substitute for this in software tools.

 Utilities and Software tools assist the

programmer/ analyst in design, coding,
editing, compiling, debugging programs.
 Application software
1. Spreadsheet

2. Database management

3. Word processing

4. Pictures, movies, music, and gaming