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Chapter 35
Mirrors
Lenses
Image Formation
virtual image
(the ray reaching your
eye doesn’t really come
from the image)
But…. the brain thinks the ray came from the image.
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
You can locate each point on the image with two rays:
1. A ray normal to the mirror
object image
Image is reversed
front to back
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
You can locate each point on the image with two rays:
1. A ray normal to the mirror
2. The ray that reaches the observer’s eye
object image
Image is reversed
front to back
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
You can locate each point on the image with two rays.
object image
Image is reversed
(front to back)
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
You can locate each point on the image with two rays.
object image
Image is reversed
(front to back)
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
The distance from the image to the mirror equals
the distance from the object to the mirror: p = i
p i
object image
f
c
A ray parallel to the mirror axis reflects through the focal point f
A ray passing through the focus reflects parallel to the axis
A ray that strikes the center of the mirror reflects symmetrically
A ray passing through the center of curvature c, returns on itself
Spherical Mirrors
When the object is beyond c, the image is:
real (on the same side as the object), reduced,
and inverted.
f
c
Spherical Mirrors - Concave
Object between c and f.
f
c
f
c
f
i
p
1 1 1
Here f = R / 2
f p i
Magnification
h
f
h’ c
focal length f R /2
h' i
magnification M
h p
Sign conventions:
Distance in front of the mirror positive
Distance behind the mirror negative
Height above center line positive
Height belowcenter line negative
Positive and Negative Mirrors
positive negative
mirror is mirror is
concave convex
Image With a Convex Mirror
c
f
Ray tracing:
1. A ray which leaves the object parallel to the axis, is refracted to
pass through the focal point.
2. A ray which passes through the lens’s center is undeflected.
3. A ray passing through the focal point (on the object side) is
refracted to end up parallel to the axis.
Some Simple Ray Traces
2f f Image is upright,
virtual, reduced.
Object between
f 2f f and lens.
2f f Image is upright,
virtual, reduced.
f 2f
h
2f f h’
f
p i
• When p = f, i = infinity
• When p = 2f , i = 2f and the magnification is 1.
• When f > p > 0, i is negative
– This means that the image is virtual, and so it is on the
same side of the lens as the object.
• If f < 0, i is always negative
– A negative lens can not produce a real image. It
always produces a virtual image.
The Lensmaker’s Formula
Lensmaker’s Formula
1 1 1
n 1
f R1 R 2
The Eye: A Simple Imager
Far-sighted: Near-sighted:
“Objective” fo
fo
“Objective” fo fe “Eyepiece”
EYE
a b
fe
fo
“Objective” fo fe “Eyepiece”
EYE
a b
h
fe
fo