WIND, TIDAL AND GEO THERMAL

ENERGY

Energy from the wind - general theory of windmills - types of windmills -

design aspects of horizontal axis windmills - applications. Energy from
tides and waves – working principles of tidal plants and ocean thermal
energy conversion plants - power from geothermal energy - principle of
working of geothermal power plants
WIND ENERGY
The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's energy
reaching the earth is converted into wind energy. The surface of the earth heats and
cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones that make air flow from high- to
low-pressure areas.
Wind Today!!! History of Wind usage:
 one of the earliest energy resources.
Windmills are used for pumping
Recorded in history, first to power boats and
water from deep underground. grind grain, later to pump water, press oil, saw
Modern wind turbine is the result of lumber and make paper.
design and material advances made Windmills were mentioned at the beginning of
during the 1980s and 1990s, which Islamic civilization (7th century).
enabled wind turbines to become Windmills were developed in Persia and used
increasingly efficient. paddles made of bundled reeds.
Today, wind turbines are size same as Egyptians may have been the first to go up the
the traditional European windmill. It Nile river around 4th century B.C, powered by
can generate 250 to 300 kilowatts of wind.
Ancient Chinese used vertical axis windmills to
power- a nearly tenfold increase in
grind grain and pump water.
efficiency. Windmills were introduced to Europe by the
crusaders around 1300 A.D
Wind in action:
When wind strikes an object, it exerts a force in an attempt to move it out
of the way. Some of the winds’ energy is transferred to the object, in this
case the windmill, causing it to move.
HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO ELECTRICITY???
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in
the wind into mechanical power.
This mechanical power can be used for specific
tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.
Instead of using electricity to make wind,
like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make
electricity. The wind turns the blades, which
spin a shaft, which connects to a generator
and makes electricity.
The energy in the wind turns
two or three propeller-like
blades around a rotor. The
rotor is connected to the main
shaft, which spins a generator
to create electricity.
Wind turbines are mounted on
a tower to capture the most
energy. At 100 feet (30
meters) or more above ground,
they can take advantage of
faster and less turbulent wind.
HOW DOES A WIND TURBINE WORKS?
Wind turbines operate on a simple principle:
The energy in the wind turns the propeller-like blades around a rotor. The
pitch of the blades makes optimum use of the wind direction.
The rotor is connected to the main drive shaft, which spins a generator to
create electricity.
Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 30
metres or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent
wind.
Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building,
or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity
distribution.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES???
Advantages:
No pollution.
Lowest prices renewable
resources
Don’t produce atmospheric
emissions that cause acid rains
and green house effects.
Disadvantages:
Depending on how energetic a wind site is,
the wind farm may or may not be cost
competitive.
Wind energy cannot be stored (unless
batteries are used)
Good wind sites are often located in
remote locations
Wind resource development may compete
with other uses for the land and those
alternative uses may be more highly valued
than electricity generation.
sometimes birds have been killed by flying
into the rotors
 A Wind Turbine
Pitch

Rotor

Blades Generat
or

Tower
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
2.Is the rotor. The rotor provides the blades to rotate.
4. This is brake. It’s very important to have a brake in a wind turbine, if something
is wrong or it is going to fast. Then it will brake and stop the wind turbine.
5. is a low-speed shaft, it goes into a big cog wheel and this goes into a smaller cog
wheel. The small cog wheel rotates faster than the big cog wheel.
7. This is the generator. It’s almost like a generator in a car.
13. It’s a yaw draw, it makes the wind turbine rotate in the wind direction.
15. Is the tower. The entrance is placed in the bottom of the tower
Drag Design
Blade designs operate on either the
principle of drag or lift. For the drag
design, the wind literally pushes the
blades out of the way. Drag powered
wind turbines are characterized by
slower rotational speeds and high
torque capabilities. They are useful
for the pumping, sawing or grinding
work. For example, a farm-type
windmill must develop high torque at
start-up in order to pump, or lift,
water from a deep well.
Lift Design
The lift blade design employs the same principle
that enables airplanes, kites and birds to fly.
The blade is essentially an airfoil, or wing.
When air flows past the blade, a wind speed
and pressure differential is created between the
upper and lower blade surfaces. The pressure at
the lower surface is greater and thus acts to
"lift" the blade. When blades are attached to a
central axis, like a wind turbine rotor, the lift is
translated into rotational motion. Lift-powered
wind turbines have much higher rotational
speeds than drag types and therefore well suited
for electricity generation.
CLASSIFICATION OF WIND-MILLS

 Wind turbines are classified into two general types: Horizontal axis and Vertical
axis. A horizontal axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis parallel to the
ground where as vertical axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis
perpendicular to the ground.

Vertical Axis Rotor

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND MILLS
 This is the most common wind turbine design. In addition to being parallel to the
ground, the axis of blade rotation is parallel to the wind flow.
 Some machines are designed to operate in an upwind mode, with the blades
upwind of the tower. In this case, a tail vane is usually used to keep the blades
facing into the wind.
 Other designs operate in a downwind mode so that the wind passes the tower
before striking the blades.
 Some very large wind turbines use a motor-driven mechanism that turns the
machine in response to a wind direction sensor mounted on the tower.
 Commonly found horizontal axis wind mills are aero-turbine mill with 35%
efficiency and farm mills with 15% efficiency.
VERTICAL AXIS WIND MILLS
 Although vertical axis wind turbines have existed for centuries, they are not as
common as their horizontal counterparts.
 The main reason for this is that they do not take advantage of the higher wind
speeds at higher elevations above the ground as well as horizontal axis turbines.
 The basic vertical axis designs are the Darrieus, which has curved blades and
efficiency of 35%, the Giromill, which has straight blades, and efficiency of 35%,
and the Savonius, which uses scoops to catch the wind and the efficiency of 30%.
 A vertical axis machine need not be oriented with respect to wind direction.
Because the shaft is vertical, the transmission and generator can be mounted at
ground level allowing easier servicing and a lighter weight, lower cost tower.
Jaisalmer wind farm
[The 2 largest off shore wind farm in the
world]
London Array
[Worlds largest on shore wind farm]
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
INTERIOR OF THE EARTH
 INTRODUCTION

 What is Geothermal Energy ?

It’s simply the heat
energy of the earth, generated by
various natural processes, such
as:

1. heat from when the planet

formed and accreted, which has
not yet been lost
2.decay of radioactive elements
3.friction

The deeper you go, the hotter it is !!!

 GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS
Reservoirs can be suspected in the areas where we find :-
Geyser
Boiling mud pot
Volcano
Hot springs
DIRECT USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
INDIRECT USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Electricity Generation:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION (CONT.)

There are 3 types of power plants:-

 Dry steam power plant

Flash steam power plant
Binary cycle power plant
DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
 The oldest type of
Geothermal power plant
used.
 Geothermal reservoir
containing pure steam
is required.
 Pure dry steam drives
turbine.
 Very rare type of
geothermal power plant.
 Operating at California,
Italy, and Japan.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT
 Commonly used
geothermal power
plant.
 Geothermal reservoirs
containing both hot
water & steam is
required.
 Pressure changing
system is required.
 Operating at Hawaii,
Nevada, Utah & some
other places
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT
 Does not use steam directly
to spin turbines.
 Only the heat of the
underground water is used.
 Vapourized hydrocarbons are
used to spin the turbine.
 Hydrocarbons having lower
boiling point such as
 isopentane, isobutane and
propane can be used.
 No harmful gas is emitted to
the atmosphere because the
underground water is never
disclosed to outside.
 This’s the worldwide
accepted power plant.
TURBINE & GENERATOR:-
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

•Available all the year around. •Not widespread source of energy

•Does not involve any combustion •High installation costs
of fuel.
•Independent of weather  •Can run out of steam 
•Clean Resource – Very little •May release harmful gases
emissions or overall environmental
impact. •Transportation
•Economically Sound Alternative •Earthquakes
– The fuel is free.
•Overall, geothermal energy is a
sustainable resource.
TIDAL ENERGY AND WAVE ENERGY